African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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The situation for adequate sanitation is bleaker.Only about 36 per cent of the people in sub-SaharanAfrica have access to improved sanitationfacility, even though the increase over 1990 isabout 4 per cent (table 1.4) In Northern Africa,the sanitation figure for 2002 is 73 per cent,showing an increase of 8 per cent over 1990 (table1.5). In both cases of water supply and sanitationcoverages, the disparity between urban and ruralareas is quite high.Table 1.4: Sanitation Coverage in 1990 and 2002 in Sub-Saharan Africa:1990 - Population (thousands) 2002 - Population (thousands)Total served unserved % served% house% houseTotal served unserved % servedconnect.connect.sample size (percentage in parenthesis)sample size (percentage in parenthesis)Urban 141’445 76’380 65’065 (93) 54 (86) 22 241’439 132’791 108’648 (99) 55 (91) 21Rural 362’929 87’103 275’826 (96) 24 (92) 1 443’334 115’267 328’067 (99) 26 (92) 1Total 504’374 163’483 340’891 (95) 32 (90) 7 684’773 248’058 436’715 (99) 36 (92) 8Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2005 - http://www.wssinfo.org/en/332_san_africaTable 1.5: Sanitation Coverage in 1990 and 2002 in Northern Africa:1990 - Population (thousands) 2002 - Population (thousands)Total servedunservedconnect.nect.% house% house con-% servedTotal served unserved % servedsample size (percentage in parenthesis)sample size (percentage in parenthesis)Urban 57’349 48’173 9’176 (99) 84 (99) 63 76’101 67’730 8’371 (99) 89 (99) 71Rural 60’719 28’538 32’181 (99) 47 (100) 15 71’217 40’594 30’623 (99) 57 (99) 20Total 118’068 76’711 41’357 (99) 65 (99) 38 147’318 108’324 38’994 (99) 73 (99) 46Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2005 - http://www.wssinfo.org/en/332_san_africaINTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSanitation and Health – Have AfricanGerms Become Harmful to Africans?There is a saying often repeated when one doesnot want to abide by hygienic practices that “African germs are not harmful to Africans”. Itmade sense to some extent if considered fromthe point of view of immunity, since most childrengrew up playing on soils contaminated byhuman and animal faeces. It now seems thingshave definitively changed due to changing lifestyles.The immunity of present day children toenvironmentally induced diseases has reduceddue to improved housing conditions and parentalprotection, but making them more vulnerableto faecal-oral diseases at the slightest exposure.There is ample epidemiological evidence thatsanitation is as effective in preventing disease asimproved water supply, but sanitation involvesmajor behavioural changes and significant householdcost. Access to sanitation facilities and improvementof environmental hygiene would nodoubt reduce transmission of faecal–oral diseasesby preventing human faecal contamination ofwater and soil right at the source. Given the gender-baseddivision of work with regard to waterfetching, women and girls are the most exposedto many water-related preventable diseases as theyare more likely to be in direct contact with contaminatedwater. Children are the main victimsof diarrhoea and other faecal–oral diseases, andalso the most likely source of infection. Childfriendlytoilets, and the development of effectiveschool sanitation programmes, are important andpopular strategies for promoting the demand forsanitation facilities and enhancing their impact.Adequate quantities of safe water and good sanitationfacilities are therefore necessary conditionsfor healthy living, but their impact will depend
African Water Development Report 2006on how they are used. This is especially necessaryfor schoolgirls who need sanitation facilities thatensure their privacy as well as their necessitiesduring the menstrual period.Three key hygiene behaviors are of greatest likelybenefit (Khan A. H., 1997):(a) Hand washing with soap (or ash or otheraid);Table 1.6: Student Access to Toilets in some African CountriesPupils per toiletrural urban% toiletsnon-usablesome of the poorest countries have inadequatesanitation facilities with about 90 young childrenin a school sharing one toilet or about 54 per centof the toilets not functioning (Tab.1.6). By comparison,rural schools in Burkina Faso, Madagascarand Togo have fewer than 50 students pertoilet. In urban areas, though, these three countriesare among those with the worst record, withmore than 50 pupils per toilet on average. Sixcountries have fewer than 50 students per toiletMadagascar 45 55 36Benin - 67 34Burkina Faso 36 64 31Tanzania 68 32 29Cape Verde - 90 24Uganda 80 20 24Togo 46 54 14Ethiopia 77 23 12Zambia 85 - 6Equatorial Guinea - 80 -Source: A. Schleicher, M. Siniscalco and N. Postlethwaite, The Conditions of Primary Schools: A Pilot Study in the Least Developed Countries; A Report toUNESCO and UNICEF, September 1995.(b) Safe disposal of children’s faeces; and(c) Safe water handling and storage.According to a pilot survey of some countriesin Africa (Schleicher, 1995), primary schools inin city schools. Inadequate sanitation and waterin schools jeopardize not only students’ healthbut also their attendance. Girls, in particular,are likely to be kept out of school if there are nosanitation facilities (Khan A. H., 1997)Figure 1.1: Annual GDP Growth Rates During IWSSD by SubregionAnnual Subregional GDP Growth Rates during IWSSDSouthern AfricaEast AfricaRegionCentral AfricaWest AfricaNorth AfricaAfrica1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Page 2 and 3: AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
Page 8 and 9: The African Water Development Repor
Page 10 and 11: INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
Page 12: WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
Page 17 and 18: African Water Development Report 20
Page 36: INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 44 and 45: INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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African Water Development Report 20
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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