African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Table 11.3: Types of Management InstrumentsTypes of management instrumentStructural measures• Production of goods• Production of servicesNon-structural measures (incentives)• Regulation instruments• Economic instruments• Communicative instruments• CovenantsExamplesConstruction of dams, water supply systems, sewer systems, sanitationfacilitiesOperation of structuresMaintenance of structuresLegal and administrative regulations on water use or dischargePermit structuresFish quotaAllocation of water rightsWater quality standardsLand use zoning; earmarking of regions for certain purposesWater taxes or subsidiesWater tariff structuresCharging for wastewater disposal and treatmentCreation of water marketProvision of information, awareness raisingEducationAgreements with major industries on water-use efficiencySHARING WATER FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATIONBox 11.2:Guiding Principles in Water Resources ManagementPrinciples related to sovereignty:Absolute territorial sovereignty. According to the so-called Harmon Doctrine, States can do what they want withthe natural resources within their territory.Absolute territorial integrity. No State is allowed to alter the natural conditions of its own territory to the disadvantageof the natural conditions in a neighboring State.Restricted territorial sovereignty. States can use their own territory in whatever manner they chose, but they arenot allowed to cause harm to other States (for example, downstream States).Principles related to resource use:Rule of minimum flow. There should be sufficient water left for downstream users.Prior appropriation doctrine. First in time, first in right.Priority of use doctrine. Some types of water use deserve priority.Basic need principle. Each individual has the right of access to resources for his or her basic needs.Water-as-an-economic-good principle. Users should pay the full economic value of the water used, provided thatthe price of water is affordable.Intergenerational equity principle. Future generations should not be deprived of access to an adequate resourcebase, although the resource base itself may change in composition (for example, knowledge, technology, infrastructure).Principles related to the environment:Prevention principle. If there is scientific proof that a certain activity causes a problem, measures must be taken toprevent it.Precautionary principle. Preventive action should not be delayed, particularly if the problem is likely to be irreversible,even if there is not yet incontrovertible evidence that the suspected cause activity is to blame.Stand-still principle. The quality of the environment should at least remain at its present level.Best-available-technology principle. People should use the best available technology, in order to minimize the257
African Water Development Report 2006pressure on the environment.Polluter-pays principle. The individual or organization that inflicts damage on the natural resources system shouldpay for rectifying the damage.Principles related to organization and procedure:Prior notification. If people plan to carry out activities that may harm others, notification should be given.Prior consultation. If people plan to carry out activities that may harm others, consultation should be organized atan early stage.Prior impact assessment. Activities that may seriously affect the functioning of society or the environment shouldbe preceded by a thorough social and environmental impact assessment.Interest-taxation-representation principle. A principle that establishes a link between the right of stakeholders tohave a say in planning and management, and their duty to pay for the services provided.Subsidiarity principle. For a government to be efficient, decisions should be taken at the lowest appropriate level; ifa task can be decentralized to a lower level of government, one should do so. Central government should retainthose tasks that properly belong to that level, however.(Source: Savenije H. and Hoekstra A. 2002)Management of Transnational BasinsThe main thrust of the management of sharedriver basins is to find ways of turning potentialconflicts into constructive cooperation, and toturn what is often perceived as a zero-sum predicament- in which one party’s gain is another’sloss - into a win-win proposition. The foundationfor the sharing of international rivers is therecognition that the management of water resourcesshould be done in a fully integrated fashion.The foundation has three pillars that supportthe sharing of international waters, taken tobe the roof:• The central pillar is technical cooperation,which may also be called the operationalpillar.• The two side pillars are:• The political pillar, responsible for anenabling environment; and• The institutional pillar, responsible forlaws and institutions.All three pillars are necessary for a balanced andequitable sharing of international waters basedon a common strategy for integrated managementof shared river basins, incorporating demand-and-supplymanagement, public participationand regional integration. The basis of sucha strategy is the principle of “unity in diversity”.The differences among riparian countries callsfor complementarity between them and fostercooperation to their mutual benefit. The sharingof international waters may be a consequence ofthis cooperation, and also a crucial factor in furtherstrengthening it.General Principles and Critical IssuesAt the national level, governments appear to basetheir policy for resource management on “emergingprinciples” that are often compatible withinternational policies. Box 11.3 below briefly describessome important management principles.In international law, more specific principles areused with regard to international river basins(Savenije H. and van der Zaag P. 2002).As further pointed out by Savenije H. and vander Zaag P. ( 2002), a number of critical factsemerge with respect to the sharing of internationalwatercourse systems. These include thefact that:(a) River basins do not respect village, district,provincial, and national boundaries. Toooften, we have attempted to fit the waterinto these administrative and institutionalboundaries, rather than to design institutionsthat fit the physical and spatial characteristicsof the resource. As a consequence;258
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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