African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use, Renewable Water Resources and Water Availabilityby SubregionSubregionsAvailable WaterResourceskm3/yearWater Usekm3/yearWater Use in RelationtoWater Resources(%)Per capita Wateravailability103 m3/yearlocal inflow total 1950 1995 2025 1995 2025 1995 2025Northern 41 140 181Western 1088 30 1120Central 1770 80 1850Eastern 749 29 778Southern 399 86 485Continent4050 - -43.034.62.31.70.50.183.72.86.55.056.045.011078.026.020.12.51.450.441.026.419.1215160144945232149.083594328331216Source:.Shiklomanov, Regional Distribution of Rivers and Streams in Africa, 2002.Note: the first line indicates water withdrawal; the second line – water consumption61432.31.80.140.086.55.35.43.95.34.080524.62.80.760.4910.77.68.95.88.25.30.62 0.324.9 2.127.2 12.03.6 1.55.3 2.85.2 2.4FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICAFigure 4.6: Water Withdrawals as a Percentage of Internal Renewable Water ResourcesSource: FAO, 199563
African Water Development Report 2006Groundwater in AfricaGroundwater is extremely important in Africa.It is estimated that more than 75 per centof the African population uses groundwater asthe main source of drinking water supply. This isparticularly so in North African countries, suchas Libya, Tunisia, and parts of Algeria and Morocco,as well as in Southern African countries,including Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe.However, groundwater accounts for only about15 per cent of the continent’s total renewablewater resources. In South Africa, for example,groundwater accounts for only 9 per cent. As arule, groundwater tends to occur in small sedimentaryaquifers along the major rivers and inthe coastal deltas and plains. Groundwater resourcesare crucial for many countries and peoplein Africa, particularly during the dry season andin large arid zones. Groundwater is a main sourceof water in many rural areas, including for nearly80 per cent of the human and animal populationsin Botswana and at least 40 per cent in Namibia(GEO 2000, 1999). In Libya, groundwater accountsfor 95 per cent of the country’s freshwaterwithdrawals, while in areas such as the PanganiBasin of Tanzania groundwater is a significantsource for irrigated agriculture. In many parts ofthe continent, groundwater resources have notyet been fully explored and tapped.Renewable groundwater resources in North Africaare in the form of shallow alluvial aquifers,recharged from the main rivers (such as the alluvialaquifer beneath the Nile Delta in Egypt)or from precipitation (along the north AfricanMediterranean coast). In the Sahara Desert, themajor water resources are the combined NubianSandstone Aquifer (NSA) and the ContinentalIntercalaire non-renewable aquifer, which extendfrom Egypt to Mauritania. Current annual ratesof groundwater withdrawal in the subregion are407 per cent of the recharge rate in Egypt, and560 per cent in Libya. Exploitation of groundwaterresources over the past ten years has ledto a reduction in water pressure levels at the oasisof the western desert. Over extraction fromthe delta shallow aquifer has led to increasedwater salinization and a rapid inland advanceof the saltwater interface. NSA is a huge fossilwater resource located in the eastern Sahara. Itis shared among four countries (Chad, Egypt,Libya and the Sudan) and contains an estimated150 000 km 3 of groundwater. The total currentextraction from the NSA is estimated at 1 500million m 3 /yr (UNEP Africa Environment Outlook,2002). Owing to the highly variable levelsof rainfall in Africa, large numbers of peopleare dependent on groundwater as their primarysource of freshwater (UNEP, 2002). In Algeria,for example, more than 60 per cent of all withdrawalsare from groundwater and, in Libya, 95per cent of all withdrawals are from groundwater(fig. 4.7). Other countries, such as Algeria,Egypt, Libya, Mauritius, Morocco, South Africaand Tunisia, make use of desalinated water toassist in meeting their withdrawal requirements(UNEP 2002).64
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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Page 21 and 22: African Water Development Report 20
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Page 44 and 45: INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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