African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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annual flows of rivers and groundwater that aregenerated from the rainfall that occurs within thesubregion (UNECA, 2001). The final four columnsprovide information on the total amountof water withdrawn in each of the subregions foragriculture (85 per cent), community water supply(9 per cent), and industry (6 per cent).It must be noted that rainfall anomalies, bothpositive and negative, are very frequent over thecontinent. Most freshwater comes from seasonalrains, which vary with the climatic zone. Theheaviest rainfall occurs along the equator, especiallythe area from the Niger Delta to the CongoRiver Basin. The Sahara Desert has virtuallyno rain. Northern and Southern Africa receive 9and 12 per cent, respectively, of the region’s rainfall(FAO 1995). In West and Central Africa,rainfall is exceptionally variable and unpredictable(UNECA, 2001).Internal renewable resourcesprecipitation (fig. 4.2). Major runoff characteristicsof principal river basin systems in Africa areshown in table 4.3 with the Congo river being thelargest and having the highest runoff volume of1300 km 3 /year Generally the amounts of surfaceand groundwater flows that are generated fromrainfall within the subregions are all low (table4.4). At the continental level, the renewable waterresources constitute only about 20 per cent of thetotal rainfall. In the Sudano-Sahelian and SouthernAfrican regions, the figures are 5.9 and 9.25per cent, respectively. This may reflect high lossesfrom the rainfall. These losses may occur, in part,through evaporation from surface waters or fromplants. The low values of the internal renewableresources also show that there is room for improvementin conservation of rainwater, the lack ofwhich accounts, in part, for the endemic droughtin parts of the continent (UNECA, 2001). Theactual renewable water resources are shown at thecontinental level in figure 4.3 and relative countryvalues are also demonstrated by subregion in figure4.4 and table 4.5.FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICAA second significant feature of water resources inAfrica is the extremely low runoff in relation toFigure 4.2: Mean Annual Runoff - AfricaAn example of abundant renewable water isfound in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Source: UNEP-Vital Climate Graphics Africa, 200255
African Water Development Report 2006which has 90 per cent of its territory drained bythe Congo River whose mean annual flow at itsmouth is 1,269,000 Mm 3. The renewable waterresources represent 70 per cent of the total flow,with the renewable groundwater resources estimatedat 421,000 Mm 3 per year. Spatial distributionof annual runoff across the continent isshown in figure 4.2.Table 4.3: Major Characteristics of Principal Rivers in AfricaRiverCongoNileNigerZambeziOrangeChariJubaSenegalLimpopoVoltaOgoweRufijiCuanzaDrainage area, Length,10 3 km 2 km3680287020901330102088075044144039420317814943706670416026601860140016001430160016008501400630Source:.Shiklomanov, Regional Distribution of Rivers and Streams in Africa, 2002.The distribution and dynamics of runoff productionand renewable water resources by subregionand also by examples from some countries areshown in the subsequent tables and figures. Anexample of the complex water situation in thenorthern subregion is shown with the experienceof Egypt in Box 4.1.Averagedischarge atmouth, m 3 /s41250169642173519486125254654582412884729119946Runoff volume,km 3 /year130053,513311115.339.517.217.226.040.614935.329.8Runoff layer,mm35318.663.483.415.044.922.939.059.1103734198200Table 4.4: Subregional Mean Relative Monthly Distribution of Renewable Water Resourcesand in Selected Countries in AfricaSubregions,CountriesInternalwaterresources,km3/yearMonthly runoff distribution, as % of mean annual value1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12NorthernWesternCentralEasternSouthernNigeriaCongo Dem.Rep.41108817707493992749874.52.78.54.113.49.68.33.72.27.66.215.010.27.23.42.07.010.316.59.86.53.61.97.218.29.16.77.53.92.07.517.26.52.88.44.22.26.711.47.11.48.68.76.26.06.37.92.87.822.618.35.96.33.69.46.920.924.47.85.83.620.58.412.421.310.65.54.111.29.46.811.412.73.95.87.510.25.35.412.54.87.58.210.7Source:.Shiklomanov, Regional Distribution of Rivers and Streams in Africa, 2002.56
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90: Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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African Water Development Report 20
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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