African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe main climatic mechanism that influencesmoisture input into Africa is the movement ofthe Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)over the continent. Seasonal rainfall over Africais basically attributed to the position of theInter-Tropical Front which together with thestrengths of the southwesterly monsoons and theupper easterly air currents, accentuated by localphysiographic and orographic conditions, determinethe direction and amounts of the rains.For example, rainfall is expected in the southernparts below 10°N around March-April, whilethe regions up to 20°N receive rain from June-September. Generally, Africa is characterized byextreme climatic zones; from humid equatorialand tropical zones through the semi-arid to thearid North, creating about seven distict hydroclimaticzones (table 4.1). The distribution ofrainfall over Africa therefore exhibits extremeunevenness, both spatially and temporally.FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICAFigure 4.1: Current vs Mean Position of the Africa ITCZ, as analyzed by the NDAAClimate Prediction Centre ( June 2005 Dekad 2)Source: NWS, 200553
African Water Development Report 2006Table 4.1:Hydro-Climatic Subregions in AfricaSUBREGIONNorthernSudano-SahelianGulf of GuineaCentralEasternIslandsSouthern AfricaSource: Africa Water Vision - 2025COUNTRIESAlgeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and TunisiaBurkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger,Senegal, Somalia, SudanBenin, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra-Leone, TogoAngola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equitorial Guinea, Gabon,Sao Tome, Democratic Republic of CongoBurundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, UgandaComoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, SeychellesBotswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, ZimbabweRainfall in AfricaTable 4.2 below shows that, Africa has a plentifulsupply of rainwater, a total of 20,211 cubic kilometersper year or 673.1 mm per year. However,at the subregional level, the distribution is varied.The highest rainfall occurs in the island countries(1700mm per year), the central African countries(1430mm), and the Gulf of Guinea (1407mm). Incontrast, the lowest rainfall occurs in the northerncountries, where the average annual rainfall is only71.4mm.At the continental level, Africa has abundantrainfall and relatively low levels of withdrawalsof water for its three major uses, namely, agriculture,community water supply and industry.This water abundance is depicted in Table 4.2.The first column shows Africa divided into sevensubregions, from north to south. The three columnsafter that represent the rainfall in each ofthe subregions, measured in cubic kilometers peryear and in millimeters per year. The next threecolumns illustrate, for each subregion, the internalrenewable water resources or the averageTable 4.2:Regional Distribution of Water Availability and Withdrawals in AfricaSub-RegionArea RainfallInternal Renewable Resources(IRR)1000xkm 2 km 3 /yr mm/yr km 3 /yr mm/yr% ofrainfallWithdrawals for Agriculture, CommunityWater Supply and Industrykm 3 /yrmm/yr% ofrainfall% ofIRRNorthern 5753 411 71.4 50 8.7 12.2 76.3 13.3 18.6 152.6Sudano-SahelianGulf ofGuinea8591 2878 335.0 170 19.8 5.9 24.1 2.8 0.8 14.12106 2965 1407.9 952 452.0 32.1 6.1 2.9 0.2 0.6Central 5329 7621 1430.1 1946 365.2 25.5 1.4 0.3 0.02 0.1Eastern 2916 2364 810.7 259 88.8 11.0 6.5 2.2 0.3 2.5Islands 591 1005 1700.5 340 575.8 33.8 16.6 28.1 1.7 4.9Southern 4739 2967 626.1 274 57.8 9.7 18.9 4.0 0.6 6.9Total 30027 20211 673.1 3991 132.9 19.7 149.9 4.0 0.7 3.8Source: ECA and FAO, 199554
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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Page 15 and 16: African Water Development Report 20
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Page 44 and 45: INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90: Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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African Water Development Report 20
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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