African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ment has disrupted the benefits of downstreamflows for traditional agriculture, caused waterpollution and increased disease incidence.Dams, and other reservoirs affect water resourcesat various aggregation levels. The primary effectsrelate to blocking of rivers and altering their flowdynamics, the secondary ones are due to changesin river, watershed and ecosystem characteristicsand productivity and the tertiary effects concernimpacts on the biological life of ecosystems. Themodification of the hydrological features of manyrivers through damming has negatively affectedfloodplain livelihoods through loss of vegetation,habitat, species populations, biodiversity, fisheries,wetlands and related riverine and marineecosystems. Also, greenhouse gases are emittedas a result and cause some health problems. Inaddition, locating a number of large dams on thesame river exerts cumulative impacts on flooding,water quality and other aspects of river systemecosystems (Vordzorgbe, S. D, 2003).Specific examples of risks from dams aboundin Africa. Fish production has significantly reducedin several river basins in Africa due todams, such as on the Niger below the Kainjidam, on the Zambezi in Mozambique and in theNile delta. Damming also affects marine fisheriesas in shrimp fishing in the Zambezi delta, andin the Mediterranean due to the Aswan Highdam. Stabilizing river flows by eliminating highdischarges from dams has resulted in increasedinfestation by aquatic weeds, including water hyacinth,ferns and reeds, and increase of black flyinfestation, as in the case of the Orange river inSouth Africa. The impoundment of River Nile,by constructing various dams on it, has led to thedegradation of the downstream delta, throughreduction of sediment movement, thereby leadingto erosion of the delta coastline by up to 5-8 metres a year, and the Akosombo dam on theVolta river in Ghana is causing coastal erosion ofTogo and Benin by up to 10-15 metres a year.Options for addressing dam safety risks in Africaare limited. A first approach is to accept therisk and manage it, through measures such asimproved telemetry, improved dam design, operationalprocedures and maintenance, warningsystems, and, evacuation planning. Another optionis to avoid the risk by removing problematic,old or unsuitable dams. This, however, is not ausual practice in Africa. Similarly, a third optionof risk transfer through dam insurance isnot common in Africa. Overall, mechanisms forreducing risk from dams are not well developedin Africa. Therefore, it is important to developanalytical models to simulate downstream effectsof sudden failure of dams under differenthydrological and hydraulic scenarios. The key isto realize that there will always be residual risksassociated with dams, no matter how well theyare designed and operated. Hence, the key to effectivedam risk reduction is to constantly assessthose risks and plan to mitigate them. Above all,it is prudent to observe the precautionary principlein dam development since information isuncertain, unreliable or inadequate to effectivelyaddress all issues of risk from dams.Monitoring of Hydroclimatic and Socio-economicProcessesCurrently, both scientific and observationalinformation point to an imminent global climatechange with possible differential periodsof inception at regional and global scales. Eventhough scientific evidence is not yet conclusiveas to when such a change would occur, it is advisableto institute demanding measures againstthe possible negative effects on the hydrologicalcycle and consequently on the global or regionalwater resources in time and space. While climaticvariability may modify the frequency-magnituderelations of the hydrological elements within arelatively short period, a climate change wouldbring new and different qualitative relationshipsexpressed in anomalous climatic events at largertemporal and spatial scales - that is to say, whenold trends fail and new ones emerge (Andah,2002a).MANAGING RISKS245
African Water Development Report 2006In water resources terms, a climate change signifiesa drastic modification in the planning, design,operation and management of water resourcessystems to match the changes in the climaticand hydrological variables. Expected diminutionof global moisture would reduce the productioncapacities of hydropower installations, watersupply and irrigation systems. Higher floodpeaks would change the operational regime ofhydraulic structures designed with assigned T-flood, render flood protection structures ineffectiveand consequently make vast areas vulnerableto flood hazards. On the other hand, persistentdroughts would reduce reservoir yields, increasethe drying effects of crops and vegetation andspeed up soil crusting and desertification processes.A climate change towards increased atmospherictemperatures and evaporation wouldinevitably increase the general water demand ina situation of diminishing water supply. In caseof an increase in the frequency of alternation ofpositive and negative climatic anomalies as a resultof a climate change, an increase in operationalstress of water resources systems should beexpected. Timely prediction and forecasting ofhydrological extremes are therefore essential toeffective management of water resources systemsand rational development of water resources inorder to ensure sustainable development andprotection of life and property. Institutional andhuman capacities are needed for understandingthe dynamics of climate fluxes, their regional andcontinental teleconnections and general circulationmodels. Knowledge about the impact of socio-economicactivities on land use patterns andsoil infiltration capacities is necessary for understandingand mitigating desertification processesas well as for modifying water managementpractices due to changes in surface water andgroundwater relationships (Andah, 2002a).Looking ForwardWater risks, including disasters, will increase unlessand until firm and urgent actions are takento roll back effects. Even if the effects of climatechange are not drastic, the momentum of humandevelopment activities will generate increasinglyunsustainable demands on water resources.Hence, if no corrective urgent action is taken toaddress water sector risks, business as usual regardingmanagement of water resources will landAfrica into doom, as the situation is indeed dire.Meeting the main water policy and managementchallenge in Africa means addressing issuesrelating to: water management (availability,demand, distribution, access, quality, pollution),risk management (including climate change andvariability effects) and developmental resourcesincluding such aspects as level and mode of development,resources, technology, institutions,policy and planning, information, and capacity.Overcoming the challenge of achieving the AfricaWater Vision requires as Vordzorgbe, S. D(2003) states: (a) improved water resources management,including investment in water storageand watershed management, (b) enhanced communityparticipation and grassroots support,(c) improved governance in water sector, (d)improved knowledge and understanding of water-relatedissues through increased informationgeneration, access, use and exchange as well asincreased participation, (e) committed financialand political resources for sustainable long-termwater development, and (f ) increased partnership,cooperation and coordination within andbetween countries.Prospects for success are mixed anduncertain due to the following:(a) Challenges in financing water developmentare high and investment funds are lacking;(b) Development of the human resource basefor water management is stagnating;(c) An increasing global, regional and nationaltrend towards establishing disaster managementcapabilities at all levels; in particular,the design of the NEPAD disaster riskmanagement strategy will provide further246
Page 2 and 3:
AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
Page 4 and 5:
CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
Page 6 and 7:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
Page 8 and 9:
The African Water Development Repor
Page 10 and 11:
INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
Page 12:
WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
Page 15 and 16:
African Water Development Report 20
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 36:
INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 44 and 45:
INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47:
(i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49:
Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51:
Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53:
Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55:
Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57:
The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59:
Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61:
ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63:
FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65:
annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67:
Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69:
Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71:
Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73:
Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77:
Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79:
Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81:
Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83:
Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85:
Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87:
The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89:
FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90:
Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 134 and 135:
PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137:
abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139:
Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143:
Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145:
Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147:
Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149:
Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151:
Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
Page 152 and 153:
espective of the fact that some oth
Page 154 and 155:
Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
Page 156 and 157:
past few decades, population densit
Page 158 and 159:
Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161:
Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163:
Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165:
Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
Page 166 and 167:
South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
Page 168 and 169:
of interdependent factors which adv
Page 170 and 171:
Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
Page 172:
United Nations Population Divison (
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204: African Water Development Report 20
Page 253: African Water Development Report 20
Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
Page 264 and 265: Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
Page 266 and 267: Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
Page 268 and 269: Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
Page 270 and 271: the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
Page 272 and 273: 1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
Page 274 and 275: countries in the southern portion o
Page 276 and 277: to manage water resources among rip
Page 278 and 279: non-payment of financial dues. Some
Page 280 and 281: Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
Page 282: Water Resources Management In Afric
Page 305 and 306:
Page 308 and 309:
ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
Page 310 and 311:
polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
Page 312 and 313:
Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315:
The present day call for integrated
Page 316 and 317:
cipitation monitoring; determinatio
Page 318 and 319:
processes and situations or to an o
Page 320 and 321:
Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
Page 322 and 323:
The requisite enabling environment
Page 324 and 325:
African countries can obviously not
Page 326 and 327:
the science and technology of the s
Page 328 and 329:
Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
Page 330 and 331:
Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333:
(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335:
Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337:
Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
Page 338 and 339:
particular relevance to data collec
Page 340 and 341:
of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343:
The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
Page 344 and 345:
IWRM Course Participants according
Page 346 and 347:
5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
Page 348:
GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 368 and 369:
IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
Page 370 and 371:
Public Participation;(d) Informatio
Page 372 and 373:
a regional framework for Africa as
Page 374:
Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379:
show all

African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?