African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Energy Pooling through Interconnectionof Electricity GridsThe creation of the Southern African PowerPool (SAPP) in 1995 to link the SADC memberStates to a single electricity grid can be considereda major achievement of SADC in the energysector integration. The utilities currently participatingin SAPP are Angola’s Empresa Nacionalde Electricidade (ENE), the Botswana PowerCorporation (BPC), the Democratic Republicof the Congo’s Société Nationale d’Electricité(SNEL), the Lesotho Electricity Corporation(LEC), Malawi’s Electricity Supply Commission(ESCOM), Mozambique’s Electricidadede Mocambique (EDM), Namibia’s NamPower,South Africa’s Eskom, Swaziland ElectricityBoard (SEB), Tanzania’s Electric Supply CompanyLtd (TANESCO), Zambia’s ZESCO Ltdand the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority(ZESA). SAPP’s Coordination Centre, locatedin Harare, Zimbabwe, commenced operations inFebruary 2000 (ECA-ARIA, 2003).Completion of the Matimba-Insukamini interconnectorlinking South Africa’s Eskom andZimbabwe’s ZESA grids in October 1995 wasa major accomplishment in operationalizingSAPP as it initiated the first linkage of systemoperations between the northern and southernsystems in Southern Africa. The northern systemis primarily composed of ZESA, ZESCOand SNEL, and the southern system is primarilycomposed of Eskom, BPC and Nampower.Although the power grids of Angola, Malawiand Tanzania are not yet connected with otherSAPP member grids, interconnection plans forthe three countries are in varying stages of development(ECA, 2003).SADC has a surplus electricity generating capacityestimated to be as high as 11 000 MW in1999. This capacity was reduced to about 7 700MW in 2000 (allowing for a 20 per cent reservemargin and excluding non-interconnected countries),mainly due to the increase in the Eskompeak demand to 29 188 MW in 2000, whichwas 1 375 MW above the 1999 peak demand(see table below). At a conservative estimate of$US 1 million per megawatt (MW), the capitaltied up in surplus capacity is considerable inthe region ($US 7.7 billion). This highlights theimportance of SADC having a strong interconnectedpower system to transfer power from areaswith surplus capacity to where the demandexists (ECA-ARIA, 2003).HARNESSING ENERGY FOR DEVELOPMENT227
African Water Development Report 2006Surplus Generating Capacity in Southern Africa in 2000UtilityMaximumdemand SAPPYear 2000/01(MW)Required Capacity(MW)Installed Capacity(MW)Capacity Surplusor (Shortage)(MW)Eskom, RSA 29188 35026 39125** 4099NamPower, Namibia 320 383 393 10BPC, Botswana 316 379 132 (-247)EDM, Mozambique*** 212 254 307 53SEB, Swaziland 154 185 50 (-135)LEC, Lesotho 85 102 72 (-30)ZESCO, Zambia 1085 1302 1632 330ZESA, Zimbabwe 1986 2383 1990 (-393)SNEL, DRC 243 292 2360 2068HCB, Mozambique 21**** 25 2000 1975Total Surplus 7730*Allows for a 20% reserve margin** Net maximum capacity, including generators in reserve storage*** Includes Central & Southern System**** Estimated at ±1% of capacityNote: Capacities for non-interconnected countries of Angola, Malawi and Tanzania are not shown.If interconnected, a further ± 437 MW surplus generating capacity could potentially be added.Source: ECA, 2003. Data Sources: SAPP Annual Report 2001 & Eskom Annual Report 2000ReferencesAndah K. Perspectives in Minihydro EnergyDevelopment for Rural Areas. Int. Symposium- Follow Up, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) 14-18December 1987.AWDR National Reports (Congo Rep., Nigeria,Cameroon, Benin, Burundi, Niger, D.R.Congo, Gabon), 2003.ECA-ARIA: Assessing Regional Integration– from the Early Years to the African Union,Addis Ababa, 30 October 2003IEA: Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries1999-2000, International Energy Agency,2002 EditionUNECA, 1999. Integrated Water ResourcesManagement: Issues and Options in SelectedAfrican Countries.UNECA, 2001. Safeguarding Life & Developmentin Africa – A vision for Water ResourcesManagement in the 21 st Century. The Hague,The Netherlands, March 2000, First Edition.UNESCO: United Nations World Water DevelopmentReport, UNESCO, Paris, 2003Energy in Africa, Energy Information Administration/ US Department of Energy, 1999http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/chapter3.htmlFacts Africa: Nationmaster, http://www.nationmaster.com228
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 185 and 186: African Water Development Report 20
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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