African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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abstracted and flow regulated. Irrigation requireslarge quantities of water and. there are, at present,more than 12.4 million hectares of irrigatedlands in Africa, which require 140 km 3 /year offreshwater. Much of this water is diverted fromrivers, lakes and reservoirs and delivered to thefields by canals (Shiklomanov, 2002). The largestirrigated lands are in Egypt (more than 3.3 millionhectares), the Sudan (1.9 million hectares),South Africa (1.3 million hectares), Morocco(1.2 million hectares) and Madagascar (1.1 millionhectares). Irrigation development is intensiveon the continent and has increased threefoldduring the last 30 years. There are sufficient reasonsto assume that irrigation development willremain intensive in the future. The reasons arethe rapid population growth, the ever-changingclimate conditions, and the fact that increasedagricultural production for food security cannotbe achieved without irrigation in most Africancountries. (Shiklomanov, 2002). Using Moroccoas an example, it can be seen from figure 6.1 thatthe extension of irrigated agriculture in Moroccosteadily increased and more than doubled from1968 to 2000 (National AWDR Report, 2005).As in other dry regions, agriculture is the largestuser of water in Africa, accounting for 88 per centof total water use (WRI, UNEP, UNDP and WB1998). However, with only 6 per cent of croplandunder irrigation, the potential to increase foodproduction through irrigation is considerableand, therefore, demand for water for irrigationwill continue to grow in Africa. About 40-60 percent of the region’s irrigation water is currentlylost through seepage and evaporation, adding tothe other serious environmental problems of soilsalinization and waterlogging, although waterlost through seepage and evaporation may endup in aquifers where it can be pumped to irrigatenearby fields.air-borne ones, are considered as major factorsthat cause and worsen tuberculosis, bronchitis,heart diseases, cancers and asthma. Tuberculosis,the single largest infectious killer of adults,was responsible for three million deaths in 1996,95 per cent of which occurred in the developingworld (WHO 1997). Exposure to pesticides,fertilizers and heavy metals poses health risksthrough soil, water, air and food contamination.Global pesticide use has resulted in 3.5-5 millionacute pesticide poisonings per year (ibid. 1990).Surface Water Ecosystems in AfricaAfrica is a continent of contrasting landscapes.About half of its territory is made up of desertsand semi-deserts, with the Sahara Desert aloneoccupying an area of about 8 million sq. km.(Nana-Sinkam, 1995). The central part of thecontinent, the Congo River Basin, is occupied bysubtropical rain forests and the Congo River isthe most full-flowing river in the Eastern Hemisphere.On the whole, Africa’s runoff resourceswhich account for its renewable freshwatersources are approximately 4050 cu. km/year. Thatis equal to 9.5 per cent of the total world riverrunoff. According to specific indices (per sq. kmand per capita) Africa is one of the continentswith the least river water availability, relating toAustralia on aerial water availability and to Asiaon river runoff per capita (Shiklomanov, 2002).The water availability of Africa is 2.4 times lowerthan that of the world land area (without Antarctica).Some characteristics of major naturallakes in Africa are shown in table 6.1.Protecting Ecosystems in AfricaIn many developing regions, traditional environmentalhealth problems are now exacerbated byemerging problems of pollution from industryand agriculture. Chemical agents, particularly127
African Water Development Report 2006Table 6.1: Major Morphometric Characteristics of Large Natural Lakes of AfricaLakeTanganyikaNyasaVictoriaKivuAlbertEdwardChadShirvaShallaMweruTanaKatnitAbayaBangweuluLanganaFagibinHora-AbjyataAvusaZwaiUpembaGjyerRudolfRukwaLeopold IIVolume,Km178008400275056928078.272.045.037.032.028.014.08.205.003.823.721.561.341.100.900.64---Surface area,km 232000309006880023705300232510000-25000104040951003150127011604920230620205130434530213866045002325Max depth,m1471706844965811210-112.626615146013546.21414.22173.5773-6Source: Shiklomanov I.A., Regional Distribution of Rivers and Streams in Africa, 2002.Wetlands are found in most African countries,the largest, including the Okavango Delta, theSudd in the Upper Nile, the Lake Victoria andLake Chad basins, and the floodplains and deltasof the Congo, the Niger and the Zambezirivers. Despite being among the most biologicallyproductive ecosystems in Africa, wetlandsare often regarded locally either as wasteland,habitats for pests and threats to public healthor as potential areas for agriculture. During thepast two decades, for example, the Republic ofNiger lost more than 80 per cent of its freshwaterwetlands (GEO- 2000; Niger Ministryof Environment and Hydraulics 1997). Coastalwetlands in Egypt and Tunisia and freshwaterwetlands in the Sudan are also under increasingthreat. Freshwater ecosystems found in lakes,rivers and wetlands may be the most endangeredof all ecosystems. The distribution of freshwaterecosystems in African countries is quite varied,with the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Tanzania and Uganda having the largest ecosystemareas, followed by countries such as Malawi,Mozambique, Kenya and Zambia (fig. 6.2).128
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
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Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165: Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
Page 166 and 167: South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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