African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Box 6.2Pollution Control – The Ethiopian ExperienceCleaner leather productionA small number of cities and their immediate surroundings host most of Ethiopia’s industrial facilities. Addis Ababaand a few neighboring towns generate approximately two thirds of the country’s manufacturing value added.Industrial pollution – especially from tanneries, textile mills and soap factories – and urban waste are a seriousthreat to important water resources such as the Awash River and the Northern Rift Valley Lakes which are thelifeline of the environmentally sensitive cattle-raising region to the south of the capital.With extensive assistance from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), six tanneries,all but one (Dessie) operating I Addis Ababa and its vicinity, have made significant strides in pollution control.The three-steam effluent treatment plant (which includes a state-of-the-art chrome recovery system) commissionedrecently at Awash Tannery, is one of Africa’s most advanced pollution abatement facilities. Wallia, Direand Dessie boast similar plants and the existing treatment facilities at two other tanneries, Ethiopia and Blue Nile,have been rehabilitated.Protecting Ecosystems in AfricaBenchmark benefitsAfrican leather manufacturers are now well aware that, in addition to cost savings and improvements in environmentalperformance, the introduction of new technologies often allows an expansion in the range of their products.This has become crucial in recent years when rising prices of hides and skins have cut deeply into the profitmargins of wet-blue and crust exporters and prompted them to shift more of their resources to the manufactureof finished leathers as well as footwear, garments and other leather products. To raise awareness with respectto such business opportunities and stimulate a wider acceptance of cleaner production standards, the assistanceprovided by UNIDO includes a continuous exchange of insights from practical experience as well as advice deliveredby experts from leading European leather manufacturers and chemical companies.A widely attended seminar held in Addis Ababa in March 2000, was a milestone in this process. Technology optionsaiming at reducing water consumption, improving energy efficiency, optimizing the dosage and fixation ofchemicals and minimizing the organic pollutant load in spent liquors were the subject of eloquent presentationsand lively debate. What emerged was a balanced review of cleaner production options for leather manufacturersin Ethiopia and elsewhere in the region – pollution-containment solutions that are viable in terms of both costand product quality.Source: UNIDO Regional Office, Addis Ababa, 2003137
African Water Development Report 2006Box 6.3Ghana Raw Water Quality Criteria and Guidelines LaunchedThe Water Resources Commission (WRC), in pursuit of its objectives, seeks to set water quality criteria andguidelines for raw water, assess the status of raw water and classify water bodies into various uses. The mandateof the WRC aims for the conservation of water resources through IWRM not constrained and limited by poorwater quality resources. Reliable data on water quality is of importance for proper management and thereby theprotection and development of water resources for the future. The Water Research Institute (CSIR) undertookthe consultancy assignment. The final draft report on Ghana Raw Water Criteria and Guidelines has been submittedto the Commission.Objectives: The overall objective of setting raw water quality standards is to characterize water resources of thecountry for various water uses, and for effective integrated water resources management.The specific objectives of setting raw water quality criteria and guidelines are set to specify raw water qualityparameters with specific guidelines for groundwater and surface water.Scope of workPreparation of Draft Report, including:(a) Assessment of available raw water quality data in all the river basins;(b) Assessment of existing system of other water quality standards in Ghana;(c) Comparison of Ghana standards with other countries in Africa, Europe and elsewhere;(d) Proposal of realistic standards and criteria; and(e) Identification of gaps in water quality data.Methodology: The water quality characteristics of all the river basins in Ghana were assessed using water qualitydata available. The data was statistically analysed, and a water quality index was used to classify the river basins,which were divided into upstream, midstream and downstream. Criteria and guidelines for water uses was basedon existing water quality data available and on existing literature where no data was available in the country.Ghana Raw Water Quality Criteria and Guidelines: Contain information for water uses and these have been classifiedas:1. Domestic2. Recreational3. Industrial4. Agricultural (Irrigation and Livestock)5. Agricultural (Fishery and Aquaculture)6. Aquatic EcosystemThe criteria for various water uses are set for individual parameters such as: algae, aluminium, ammonia, arsenic,asbestos, atrazine, colour, lead, pH, total coliform, faecal coliform, and so on. The list of water quality parametersapplied for the uses of water for each category was different.Source: Adwoa Paintsil, Water Resources Commission, GhanaAfrica’s biodiversityAfrica has a large and diverse heritage of plants, animals and microorganisms. It is home to morethan 50,000 known plant species, 1,000 mammal species, and 1,500 bird species. The biological diversityfound in any one area or country varies in complex ways, depending on the physical size, localclimatic conditions, topography, vegetation, and soil types. The estimated number of mammals, birds,flowering and non-flowering plant species found in African countries is given in Table 6.7 below(ECA, 2001).138
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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