African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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The average per capita consumption for domesticuse is 120/L/day/person in Gaborone and alower 62.5 L/day/person in Francistown. Dailyuse by government and industry is estimated at28 099 m3 and 11529 m3 in Gaborone. Comparablefigures for Francistown are 9542 m3 and3167 m3. Through water management measures,WUC has reduced its unaccounted-for-waterlosses (UAL), which represent leakages, nonpaymentand illegal abstractions. The losses areestimated to be 12 per cent compared to over20 per cent previously. DWA estimate the averageUAL of large villages at 30 per cent withlosses in excess of 40 per cent in some villages(Mathangwane and Molale, 2004).Swaziland – Impact of HIV/AIDS onWater SupplyThe Swaziland Water Services Corporation,which provides water and sewerage services inurban centres, faces a number of challenges thattend to limit its success in providing water andsewerage services in these areas. The HIV/AIDSpandemic continues to be a major concern andchallenge to the Corporation. The HIV/AIDSpandemic is having serious social and financialimpact on the Corporation, as children are becomingthe household owners responsible forpaying the bills. The other challenges includeunaccounted-for-water (UAW) which, in 2004,was around 47 per cent, the rapidly increasingproduction costs, increasing poverty, the generallack of acknowledgement and knowledge thatwater is a valuable resource requiring special attentionfor its conservation, the non-commitmentof the share holder to investing in buildinga series of raw storage/dams and assisting in theprovision of the necessary huge infrastructurefor bringing water to the people regardless oftheir location, the scourge of HIV/AIDS whichis reducing ability to pay for water services, thegrowing need for a reliable clean water supplywhether in urban or rural areas, and the problemof having to ration water in some regions (particularlyin Lubombo) where the raw water levelsremain low due to inadequate rainfall (AWDRNational Report).WATER AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTS187
African Water Development Report 2006ReferencesAddis Ababa Lisanework: Water DemandManagement Perspectives: Concepts and Applicabilityto the City of Addis Ababa. CaseStudy, 1st International Advanced Course onIntegrated Water Resources Management.WARREDOC, University for Foreigners, Perugia,2003.Alegre, H.; Hirner, W.; Baptista, J.M. & Parena.Performance Indicators for Water SupplyServices. Manual of Best Practice Series, IWAPublishing, London, ISBN 1 900222 27 2, 160pp., 2000.Asnake Berhane: Holistic Approach to ControlUnaccounted for Water in Addis Ababa WaterSupply Distribution System. Case Study, 1stInternational Advanced Course on IntegratedWater Resources Management, WARREDOC,Univ. for Foreigners, Perugia, 2003.AWDR Draft Synthesis of National Reports ofthe Northern Sub Region, 2005.AWDR National Reports (Congo Rep., Nigeria,Cameroon, Benin, Burundi, Niger, D.R.Congo, Gabon), 2003.AWDR National Reports (Egypt, Algeria,Tunisia, Mauritania, Libya, Sudan, Morocco,Ethiopia, South Africa, Malawi, Zimbabwe,Mauritius, Botswana, Swaziland), 2005Cabrera, Enrique Jr. and Alegre, Helena: Exampleof use of SIGMA Lite to assess performanceindicators for urban water services.SIGMA website: http://www.sigmalite.comChuchu Ono: Water Distribution Modelingand its Application to Addis Ababa DistributionNetwork. Case Study, 1st InternationalAdvanced Course on Integrated Water ResourcesManagement, WARREDOC, Univ. forForeigners, Perugia, 2003.Damian Isdor Massenge: Possible Solutions toContaminated Water Supply System of Dar EsSalaam Region towards Reduction of Water-Borne Diseases. Case Study, 1st InternationalAdvanced Course on Integrated Water ResourcesManagement, WARREDOC, Univ. forForeigners, Perugia, 2003.Donkor S.M. K.: Development Challenges ofWater Resource Management in Africa, Afro-Asian Parliamentarians Forum for Populationand Development. UNECA, 2002.ECA: State of the Environment in Africa,United Nations Economic Commission forAfrica, Addis Ababa, 2001.E-Conference on Toolkit for Improved WaterSupply and Sanitation Services among the UrbanPoor, 2002. : http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/archives/sup.htmlHassan Y. (2005): Rapid urbanization in Africa:Perspectives on housing and urban poverty,SDD Bulletin No. 2, UNECA (in print)Household-centred Environmental Sanitation:Report of the Hilterfingen Workshop, March1999, Geneva. Geneva, Water Supply and SanitationCollaborative Council, 1999.O&M Working Group, Water Supply andSanitation Collaborative Council Operationand Maintenance of Urban Water Supply andSanitation Systems, WHO, 2002.The World Health Report 2002, WHO, Geneva,2002UN: World Urbanization Prpsoects The 2003Revision United Nations, 2004UN HABITAT: Global Report on HumanSettlements, UN-HABITAT, Nairobi, 2003UN HABITAT: Habitat Debate, UN-HABI-TAT, September 2005, Vol.11, No.3UN Water/Africa, 2004: Outcomes and Recommendationsof the Pan-African Implementationand Partnership Conference on Water(PANAFCON), UNECA, Addis Ababa.188
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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