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to serve the social concerns of the vast majorityof the rural and peri-urban populations of Africa,referred to as the “ecosystem people” by Reedand Wackernagel (Swatuk L.A. (2005). There isa general consensus that universal water supplyand sanitation services are socially desirable andvaluable because they represent a civilized wayof living collectively, and are important for humandignity. For example, in Ghana, poor ruralcommunities became more confident in receivingvisitors and talking to government officialswhen they are able to provide clean cups of waterto their visitors as the traditional Ghanaianhospitality requires and, in Tanzania, access towater allowed people to meet their religious dutieswhen they can wash up before praying ( JackMoss, 2003).scarce resources, leading to escalating environmentalcosts. The increasing gap in demand andsupply of water in the face of growing populationand economic development has thus become achallenge for sustainable development in developingcountries, especially Africa .The awarenessof this situation and the consistent calls onAfrican Governments to initiate actions to meetvarious international (MDG) and regional (AfricaWater Vision) targets have led most Africancountries to adopt integrated water resourcesmanagement strategies within national waterpolicies. This is a decisive turn from the fragmentedway of facing water problems to an integratedvision which will surely take into considerationthe value aspects of water the substance,the resource and water services.VALUING WATERThe aim of achieving economic development andgrowth has led to overuse and misallocation of295
African Water Development Report 2006ReferencesAmpomah Ben Y.: A ‘New Economy’ of Waterfor Food and Ecosystems - Making Well-Informed,Transparent and Fair Choices Basedon Appropriate Methodologies for AssessingMulti-Dimensional Water Values, African Preconferenceon Water for Food and Ecosystems4-6 November 2004, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaAndah K.: Water and Peri-Urban Settlements.Contribution, E-Conference on Toolkit forImproved Water Supply and Sanitation Servicesamong the Urban Poor, 2002.AWDR Draft Synthesis of National Reports ofthe Northern Sub Region, 2005.AWDR National Reports (Congo Rep., Nigeria,Cameroon, Benin, Burundi, Niger, D.R.Congo, Gabon), 2003.AWDR National Reports (Egypt, Algeria,Tunisia, Mauritania, Libya, Sudan, Morocco,Ethiopia, South Africa, Malawi, Zimbabwe,Mauritius, Botswana, Swaziland), 2005Borgoyary M.: Valuation of Water: Optionsfor Sustainable Development in DevelopingCountriesCaponera D. (1988): Water Law and administration.Lecture Notes, International AdvancedCourse on Water Resources Management,WARREDOC, Perugia.Donkor S.M. K.: Development Challenges ofWater Resource Management in Africa, Afro-Asian Parliamentarians Forum for Populationand Development. UNECA, 2002.ECA: Water Sharing as an instrument ofRegional Cooperation in Africa, Inter-AgencyGroup on Water in Africa. UNECA. 2001El Yacoubi Z. and Mohamed BelghitiM.Valuation of Irrigation Water The Case ofMorocco, WATER DEMAND MANAGE-MENT FORUM, Beirut, LEBANON – June2002GEO – 2000 Global Environment Outlook,UNEP, Earthscan, 1999.GEO-3: Global Environment Outlook 3 - Past,present and future perspectives, UNEP, Earthscan,2002.Gonzalez Villarreal F.J.( 1980): Central Planningin Water Resources Development. InWater Resources Planning Experiences in aNational and Regional Context, Publ. TCD/SEM.80/1, 298 pp, United Nations, New York.Report of a UN Workshop convened in Co-operationwith the Government of Italy - Castelgandolfoand Stresa, 1979.http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-66732-201-1-DO_TOPIC.htmlhttp://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/archives/sup.htmlISESCO 2001: Water and Islam, Islamic Educational,Scientific and Cultural OrganizationIWRA: CONFERENCE REPORT, Workshopon Water Resources Management in theIslamic World, Amman, Jordan, 1-3 December1998. International Water Resources Association,Copyright © 1998-1999Jack Moss, Gary Wolff, Graham Gladden &Eric Guttieriez (2003): Valuing Water for BetterGovernance - How to Promote Dialogue toBalance Social, Environmental, and EconomicValues? CEO Panel, Business and Industry,10th. March 2003LisaneworkM. Abdelaziz LIMAM M. A: Valuation ofDrinking Water, The National Companyfor Water Management and Distribution(SONEDE), WATER DEMAND MAN-AGEMENT FORUM, Beirut, LEBANON– June 2002MDG Task Force on Environmental Sustainability,2005:, Environment and human wellbeing:a practical strategy Final Report of theMDG Task Force on Environmental Sustainability,Millennium Project, United Nations,New York.296
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 253 and 254: African Water Development Report 20
Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Page 266 and 267: Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
Page 268 and 269: Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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Page 314 and 315: The present day call for integrated
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Page 326 and 327: the science and technology of the s
Page 328 and 329: Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
Page 338 and 339: particular relevance to data collec
Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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