African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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The African Water Development Report(AWDR) is, therefore, intended to be more indepthand African-owned but linkedmethodologically to WWAP and form an integraledition of WWDR.The objectives of the AWDR are to:• Provide a lasting and durable mechanism tomonitor progress made in implementing theAfrican Water Vision;• Provide African decision makers with anauthoritative basis for managing Africa’swater resources; and• Serve as an integrative programme for thestrengthening of UN-Water/Africa.The AWDR is structured to comprise:An introductory section covering: water forsocio-economic development, international andAfrican milestones, freshwater resources ofAfrica and the main body, articulated alongeleven key challenges.1. Meeting basic needs: To recognize thataccess to safe and sufficient water andsanitation are basic human needs and areessential to health and well-being, and toempower people, especially women, througha participatory process of water management;2. Securing the food supply: To enhance foodsecurity, particularly of the poor andvulnerable, through the more efficientmobilisation and use, and the more equitableallocation of water for food production;3. Protecting ecosystems: To ensure theintegrity of ecosystems through sustainablewater resources management;4. Sharing water resources: To promotepeaceful co-operation and develop synergiesbetween different uses of water at all levels,whenever possible, within and, in the case ofboundary and trans-boundary waterresources, between states concerned, throughsustainable river basin management or otherappropriate approaches;5. Managing risks: To provide security fromfloods, droughts, pollution and other waterrelatedhazards;6. Valuing water: to manage water in a waythat reflects its economic, social,environmental and cultural values for all itsuses, and to move towards pricing waterservices to reflect the cost of their provision,taking into consideration the basic needs ofthe poor and the vulnerable;7. Governing water wisely: To ensure goodgovernance so that the involvement of thepublic and the interests of all stakeholders areincluded in the management of waterresources;8. Water and Cities: Covering issues of urbanareas and human settlements and theirspecific challenges to water management;9. Water and industry: To focus on industryneeds in water and the responsibility torespect water quality and to take account ofthe needs of competing sectors;10. Water and energy: To recognize that water isvital for all forms of energy production andthe need to ensure that energy requirementsare met in a sustainable manner; and11. Ensuring the knowledge base: To recognizethat good water policies and managementdepend upon the quality of knowledgeavailable to decision makers.A strategy was set up for the preparation of thefirst AWDR to be launched at the December2003 Pan-African Water Conference(PANAFCON), led by UN-Water/Africa andother partners. However, due to unforeseenproblems, which have held up productionschedule and editorial mechanisms for theanalysis and writing of country, sub regionaland basin reports, we decided to come up withan interim edition, which based on some fewnational reports mainly from the western andcentral sub regions. The interim report wasdistributed during the PANAFCON conferencewith the intent of attracting feedbacks for itsimprovement and was also published in March2004 in time for the meeting of the UnitedNations Committee on SustainableDevelopment in New York.The process was continued with renewedvigour to cover the northern and southern sub
egions. It is with satisfaction that we can statethat all the countries in these sub regionspresented their national reports and sub regionalsynthesis reports for Both Northern andSouthern Africa have also been prepared.. Dueto lack of coherent and homogeneous data setsand indicators amongst various Africancountries, it was difficult to formulate theAWDR as an African regional synthesis report.The present document was therefore formulatedby blending official data and indicators fromvarious United Nation system wideorganisations with those of the National reportswithin a framework of state of the art of hydroclimaticprocesses and water resourcesmanagement in a sustainable environment. Inthis way, AWDR attempts to bring to policyand decision makers the status and perspectivesof water resources development in the Africanregion, bearing in mind the modern advances inscience and technology. It must be emphasisedthat Africa needs strong environmentallyscientific and technological approach to waterresources assessment and development and notenvironmental politics which normally does nottake into consideration the basic needs andaspirations of the majority of the Africanpopulation living under endemic poverty. It istherefore hoped that by by linking the AWDRin the future with the WWDR, Africa can takefull advantage of the rich store of scientific andtechnological knowledge and information baseslargely available in the developed world inorder to fully infuse the present day advances inscience and technology into water resourcesdevelopment and management in Africa. Inorder to achieve some success in water securityand environmental sustainability, it is vital thatall African countries augment efforts atsystematically monitoring key water andenvironmental parameters such as waterquantity and quality, water use, biodiversity andland degradation towards developinghomogenous indicators for decision makers andall interested stakeholders. Due to multiplicityof transboundary basins in Africa, regional andsub-regional cooperation is needed inestablishing measurement stations and systemsto collect and analyse such data with activeparticipation of scientific advisory bodies.In conclusion, the institutionalisation of theAfrican Water Development Report (AWDR)as a monitoring and management tool forPolicy makers, planners and practitioners is atask whose sustainability must be at theforefront of considerations by all interestedparties in the development of Africa’s waterresources for socio-economic development.This is the challenge which all componentmembers of the UN Water/Africa, nationalwater-related institutions, scientific bodies andother stakeholders must collectively accept inorder to initiate actions towards evolving adynamic system of monitoring the progress inthe implementation of the African Water Visionand other international challenges such as theMillennium Development Goals. There is nomore time for sideliners or referees, all mustbecome players so that the next edition ofAWDR in two years’ time shall decisively bebetter than the present one..Josue DioneDirector, Sustainable Development DivisionUnited Nations Economic Commission forAfrica
Page 2 and 3: AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
Page 10 and 11: INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
Page 12: WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
Page 15 and 16: African Water Development Report 20
Page 36: INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 44 and 45: INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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African Water Development Report 20
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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