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162 Volume LXIII nn. 3-4 – Luglio-Dicembre 2009 Riferimenti bibliografici Colombo L., Coltro G. 2001, La misurazione della produttività: evidenza empirica e problemi metodologici, «Quaderni dell’Istituto di economia e finanza», n. 39, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano. Datt G., Ravallion M. 1998. Farm Productivity and Rural Poverty in India, in «Journal of Development Studies», April, vol. 34 (4), pp. 62-85. Feldstein M. S. 2008. Did Wages Reflect Growth in Productivity?, NBER Working Paper n. W13953. Fisher T., Hostland D. 2002. The Long View: Labour Productivity, Labour Income and Living Standards in Canada, in «The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress», 2002. pp. 57-67. Fluet C., Lefebvre P. 1987. The Sharing of Total Factor Productivity Gains in Canadian Manufacturing: A Price Accounting Approach - 1965-1980, in «Applied Economics», February, vol. 19 (2), pp. 245-257. Guilbaud O. 2003. Productivity growth and poverty reduction in developing countries, CSLS Research Report n. 2003-6. Hayes K. J., Slottje D. J., Nieswiadomy M. L., Wolff E. N. 1994. The Relationship Between Productivity Changes and Poverty in the United States in «Journal of Income Distribution», vol. 4 (1), pp. 107-119. Koop G. 2001. Logica statistica dei dati economici, Utet, Torino. Krugman P. 1990. The age of diminished expectations, Cambridge University Press. Lun G. 2009. Le relazioni esistenti tra produttività occupazione e benessere: un’analisi sulle province italiane, in «Rivista di economia e statistica del territorio», n. 1. OECD 2001, OECD Productivity Manual: A Guide to the Measurement of Industry-Level and Aggregate Productivity Growth, OECD, Paris. Sharpe A. 2004. Esploring the linkage between productivity and social development in market economies, CSLS Research Report n. 2004-2. Sharpe A., Arsenault J., Harrison P. 2008. The relationship between labour productivity and real wage growth in Canada and OECD countries, CSLS Research Report n. 2008-8. Van Ark B., McGuckin R. 1999. International comparisons of labor productivity and per capita income, in «Monthly Labor Review», July, pp. 33-41. Weil D. N. 2007. Crescita Economica. Problemi, dati e metodi di analisi, edizione italiana D’Amato M. e Jappelli T., (a cura di), Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano. SUMMARY The aim of this paper is to focus on possible relationship between productivity and poverty in the Developing Countries. The analysis on labour productivity and poverty finds that across the Developing Countries for which data are available productivity growth plays a substantial role in reducing poverty; this effect is also found to account to be stronger in Countries with relatively lower income. This conclusion suggests that in this Countries, in attempting to reach their poverty reduction objectives, should pursue policies that foster productivity growth. _________________________ Francesca PETREI, Dottoranda di ricerca presso l’Università di Teramo.
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica Volume LXIII nn. 3-4 – Luglio-Dicembre 2009 SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN EUROPEAN REGIONS: A MULTILEVEL LATENT CLASS MODEL Elena Pirani 1. Modelling social exclusion In recent years the term social exclusion has taken a prominent place in discussions concerning social policies and inequalities, in all European countries. Social exclusion is not only a negative condition per se, it also represents a disruptive element for social and economic development, entailing the risk for people to become excluded from the mainstream society. The fight against poverty and social exclusion is one of the central objectives of the European Union, in a context where the links between the economic and the social spheres are assuming an increasing central importance. We propose a statistical framework to study social exclusion considering at the same time both relational and distributional aspects. The proposed hierarchical latent class model allows accounting for all these elements, also in a subjective perspective, and considering the different contexts in which individuals live and that may affect their perceptions. In the literature, there is agreement in considering social exclusion a multidimensional concept (e.g. Room 1995, Atkinson and Davoudi 2000, Peace 2001). Multidimensionality implies that deprivation and lack of resources determining social exclusion have to refer to a broad set of quantitative and qualitative factors. The relevance of the different elements of exclusion may be different depending on the context, in term of time and place (Mayes et al. 2001, Bhalla and Lapeyre 2004). Referring to the fifteen countries belonging to European Union in 2001, we propose a conceptual model of social exclusion based on the identification of three principal dimensions representing the spheres of human life in which it is most important for individuals to participate: the economic, the social and the institutional dimensions. These three dimensions refer to different areas of human life that interact and influence reciprocally, and exclusion in one dimension could determine or make worse exclusion in the others (Bhalla and Lapeyre 2004). The economic dimension refers to monetary and financial aspects and, in a broader sense, it includes the subject’s capability to access goods and services market and the subject actual living conditions. The social dimension concerns with the domain of relations among individuals. The relationship networks with family, friends, neighbours, local community, and so on, may be viewed as forms of social capital at individual level, that can be activated when necessary, thus
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