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214 Volume LXIII nn. 3-4 – Luglio-Dicembre 2009 chance to save enough to access ownership, because of high child-cost. Similarly, the elderly who did not ever had any siblings are more likely to be home owner. Living in a big house and either in a rural area or in a village display also a similar positive effect. Figure 1 – Property rate among the older European. Differences between all households (line), all poor households (dotted bars), poor household of single women (striped bars). 100 90 80 70 60 83 84 80 77 All poor households Poor households of single women All households 70 74 59 61 54 56 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 42 35 25 36 45 39 36 41 29 50 40 30 20 19 20 10 10 0 0 Spain Greece Italy Belgium France Denmark the Netherlands Austria Sweden Germany The odd ratio of not living in a own home is markedly influenced by gender, living arrangements, and poverty status. Studying only main effects, we find that either women, or people not in couple, or the poor belongs to the disadvantaged category. The story, however, is not as simple as the general model suggests, because of a strong interconnection among those situations. In order to disentangle gender differences from living arrangement and poverty we fitted two interactions: the first, between gender and poverty status, and the second among gender, living arrangement, and poverty status. The former interaction proves that poor women seem to be more disadvantaged than poor men: they are about 25 percentage points more likely to be excluded from property, other things being equal (Figure 2). The second interaction (Figure 3) reveals, however, a more complex picture. Those who are in couples are more likely to be protected, and even if they are poor the odd ratio of not living in their own home increases only moderately (it is
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica 215 always slightly higher for women, however). From Figure 2 it is immediately evident that the old not living in couples are more likely to be excluded from the property with respect to reference category (men, not poor, in couple). The risk is particularly high for the singles, and increases of about 75 percentage points comparing single not poor with single poor. Surprisingly, among singles gender differences disappears or even slightly reverses, no matter the poverty status. Conversely, poor women living with the family or other components have the highest risk of being excluded from ownership (3 times higher than the reference category and 116 percentage points higher than the poor men in the same living arrangement situation). All in all, other things being equal, poor people are generally also more likely to be excluded from home ownership than the not poor, especially if they are women living in enlarged families. This finding indubitably highlights the need of targeting social policies towards poor older Europeans. Table 1 (to be continued) – Logistic regression model predicting the exclusion from home ownership. Base model, without interaction. Odds ratios. Variable Categories OR St. Err. p-value Country Italy (ref.) 1 Austria 2.50 0.094
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