Handbook of Solvents - George Wypych - ChemTech - Ventech!

15.2.2 A simple test to determine toxicity using bacteria 1107
Table 15.2.2.4. The Rhizobium assay compared with other assay methods
n cc Reference
3T3 cells x Rhizobium 9 0.908 Ekwall et al., (1989)
Asictes cells x Rhizobium 34 0.870 Romert et al., (1994)
Biotox TM x Rhizobium 24 0.928 Kahru and Bordchardt (1994)
B. subtilis x Rhizobium 20 0.619 Kherzmann (1993)
Daphnia 1 x Rhizobium 35 0.891 Calleja et al., (1993)
Daphnia 2 x Rhizobium 35 0.897 Lilius et al., (1994)
pooled Daphnia x Rhizobium 14 0.775 Calleja, Liilius, Munkitrick
E. coli x Rhizobium 20 0.641 Kherzman (1993)
fathead minnow x Rhizobium 15 0.942 Munkitrick et al., (1991)
guppies x Rhizobium 9 0.950 Konemann (1981)
HepG2 cells x Rhizobium 9 0.892 Ekwali et al., (1989)
Microtox TM x Rhizobum 35 0.803 Kaiser and Palabrica (1991)
Microtox TM x Rhizobium 15 0.758 Munkittrick et al., (1991)
mice x Rhizobium 35 0.651 Calleja et al., (1991)
Polytox TM 1 x Rhizobium 16 0.903 Sun et al., (1993)
Polytox TM 2 x Rhizobium 15 0.796 Elanabarwy et al., (1988)
sludge x Rhizobium 16 0.853 Sun et al., (1993)
trout hepatocytes x Rhizobium 35 0.760 Lilius et al. (1994)
trout figerlingx x Rhizobium 15 0.910 Munkittrick et al., (1991)
QSAR x Rhizobium 19 0.779 Sun (1994)
pooled minnow x Rhizobium 32 0.808 Geiger et al., (1991), Munkitrick et al., (1991)
n = number of samples in the comparison; cc = the correlation coefficient, the square root of the regression coefficient.
15.2.2.6 Toxic herbicides
When the toxic herbicides were studied, it was found that the animal tests supplied by the
manufacturers indicated that most of the herbicides were not toxic. The tests run by the
manufacturers with trout fingerlings and with Daphnia indicated that most of the herbicides
were quite toxic. The Rhizobium work also showed that most of the herbicides were toxic at
levels lower than 1000 ppm. The trout fingerlings showed all but one of the herbicides was
toxic at this level and Daphnia indicated that all but 2 were toxic (Hillaker, 1998). This
shows the necessity of running “batteries of tests,” multiple tests with a compound. Every
method of determining toxicity has some chemicals it cannot detect as toxic and some
chemicals that are detected at very low levels. For example, the Rhizobium assay does not
detect phenol as being very toxic but detects pentachlorophenol as being extremely toxic,