Handbook of Solvents - George Wypych - ChemTech - Ventech!

Table of contents xv
15.1.20 Gas chromatography ...............................1061
15.1.21 Labeling .....................................1062
15.1.22 Odor .......................................1062
15.1.23 Paints standards related to solvents .......................1063
15.1.24 pH. ........................................1063
15.1.25 Purity .......................................1063
15.1.26 Refractive index .................................1066
15.1.27 Residual solvents .................................1066
15.1.28 Solubility .....................................1066
15.1.29 Solvent partitioning in soils ...........................1066
15.1.30 Solvent extraction ................................1067
15.1.31 Specifications. ..................................1067
15.1.32 Sustained burning ................................1067
15.1.33 Vapor pressure ..................................1068
15.1.34 Viscosity .....................................1068
15.1.35 Volatile organic compound content, VOC ....................1069
15.2 Special methods of solvent analysis .......................1078
15.2.1 Use of breath monitoring to assess exposures to volatile organic solvents . . . 1078
MYRTO PETREAS
15.2.1.1 Principles of breath monitoring .........................1078
15.2.1.2 Types of samples used for biological monitoring ................1080
15.2.1.3 Fundamentals of respiratory physiology .....................1080
15.2.1.3.1 Ventilation ....................................1081
15.2.1.3.2 Partition coefficients ...............................1081
15.2.1.3.3 Gas exchange ...................................1082
15.2.1.4 Types of exhaled air samples. ..........................1083
15.2.1.5 Breath sampling methodology ..........................1084
15.2.1.6 When is breath monitoring appropriate? .....................1087
15.2.1.7 Examples of breath monitoring. .........................1088
15.2.2 A simple test to determine toxicity using bacteria ................1095
JAMES L. BOTSFORD
15.2.2.1 Introduction. ...................................1095
15.2.2.2 Toxicity defined .................................1095
15.2.2.3 An alternative. ..................................1097
15.2.2.4 Chemicals tested .................................1099
15.2.2.5 Comparisons with other tests. ..........................1103
15.2.2.6 Toxic herbicides .................................1107
15.2.2.7 Toxicity of divalent cations ...........................1108
15.2.2.8 Toxicity of organics in the presence of EDTA ..................1108
15.2.2.9 Mechanism for reduction of the dye .......................1110
15.2.2.10 Summary .....................................1111
15.2.3 Description of an innovative GC method to assess the influence of crystal
texture and drying conditions on residual solvent content in pharmaceutical
products. .....................................1113
CHRISTINE BARTHÉLÉMY, MICHEL BAUER
15.2.3.1 Description of the RS determination method ..................1113
15.2.3.2 Application: Influence of crystal texture and drying conditions on RS content . 1114
15.2.3.2.1 First example: monocrystalline particles of paracetamol ............1116
15.2.3.2.2 Second example: polycrystalline particles of meprobamate and ibuprofen . . . 1119
15.2.3.2.3 Third example: polycrystalline particles of paracetamol. ............1122
16 RESIDUAL SOLVENTS IN PRODUCTS ..................1125
16.1 Residual solvents in various products ......................1125
GEORGE WYPYCH
16.2 Residual solvents in pharmaceutical substances .................1129
MICHEL BAUER, CHRISTINE BARTHÉLÉMY
16.2.1 Introduction. ...................................1129
16.2.2 Why should we look for RS?. ..........................1129