Handbook of Solvents - George Wypych - ChemTech - Ventech!

Table of contents xvii
17.2.2 Movement of solvents in groundwater ......................1166
17.2.3 Mass limitations .................................1167
17.3 Environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of glycol ethers ........1169
JAMES DEVILLERS, AURÉLIE CHEZEAU, ANDRÉ CICOLELLA, ERIC THYBAUD
17.3.1 Introduction. ...................................1169
17.3.2 Occurrence ....................................1170
17.3.3 Environmental behavior .............................1171
17.3.4 Ecotoxicity ....................................1175
17.3.4.1 Survival and growth ...............................1175
17.3.4.2 Reproduction and development .........................1185
17.3.5 Conclusion ....................................1187
17.4 Organic solvent impacts on tropospheric air pollution. .............1188
MICHELLE BERGIN, ARMISTEAD RUSSELL
17.4.1 Sources and impacts of volatile solvents .....................1188
17.4.2 Modes and scales of impact ...........................1189
17.4.2.1 Direct exposure ..................................1189
17.4.2.2 Formation of secondary compounds .......................1190
17.4.2.3 Spatial scales of secondary effects ........................1190
17.4.2.3.1 Global impacts ..................................1190
17.4.2.3.2 Stratospheric ozone depletion ..........................1191
17.4.2.3 Global climate forcing ..............................1191
17.4.2.4 Urban and regional scales ............................1192
17.4.3 Tropospheric ozone. ...............................1192
17.4.3.1 Effects ......................................1192
17.4.3.2 Tropospheric photochemistry and ozone formation ...............1193
17.4.3.3 Assessing solvent impacts on ozone and VOC reactivity ............1195
17.4.3.3.1 Quantification of solvent emissions on ozone formation ............1196
17.4.4 Regulatory approaches to ozone control and solvents ..............1198
17.4.5 Summary .....................................1299
18 CONCENTRATION OF SOLVENTS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL
ENVIRONMENTS ...............................1201
18.1 Measurement and estimation of solvents emission and odor. ..........1201
MARGOT SCHEITHAUER
18.1.1 Definition “solvent” and “volatile organic compounds” (VOC) .........1201
18.1.2 Review of sources of solvent emissions .....................1203
18.1.2.1 Causes for emissions ...............................1203
18.1.2.2 Emissions of VOCs from varnishes and paints .................1203
18.1.2.3 VOC emissions from emulsion paints ......................1205
18.1.3 Measuring of VOC-content in paints and varnishes. ..............1205
18.1.3.1 Definition of low-emissive coating materials ..................1205
18.1.3.2 Determination of the VOC content according to ASTM D 3960-1 .......1205
18.1.3.3 Determination of the VOC content according to ISO/DIS 11 890/1 and 2 . . . 1206
18.1.3.3.1 VOC content > 15% ...............................1206
18.1.3.3.2 VOC content > 0.1 and < 15 %. .........................1208
18.1.3.4 Determination of VOC-content in water-thinnable emulsion paints
(in-can VOC) ...................................1208
18.1.4 Measurement of solvent emissions in industrial plants .............1209
18.1.4.1 Plant requirements ................................1209
18.1.4.2 The determination of the total carbon content in mg C/Nm³. ..........1214
18.1.4.2.1 Flame ionization detector (FID) .........................1214
18.1.4.2.2 Silica gel approach ................................1214
18.1.4.3 Qualitative and quantitative assessment of individual components in the
exhaust-gas ....................................1215
18.1.4.3.1 Indicator tubes ..................................1215
18.1.4.3.2 Quantitative solvent determination in exhaust gas of plants by means of
gas-chromatography ...............................1215
18.1.5 “Odor” definition .................................1219