Handbook of Solvents - George Wypych - ChemTech - Ventech!

Table of contents xxi
20.7.1 Introduction. ...................................1379
20.7.2 Individual variability and hepatotoxicity of solvents ..............1384
20.7.3 Non-halogenated solvents ............................1385
20.7.4 Solvent mixtures .................................1386
20.7.5 Trichloroethylene. ................................1387
20.7.6 Tetrachloroethylene ...............................1388
20.7.7 Toluene ......................................1388
20.7.8 Dichloromethane .................................1389
20.7.9 Stoddard solvent .................................1389
20.7.10 1,1,1-Trichloroethane. ..............................1389
20.7.11 Summary .....................................1390
20.8 Solvents and the liver. ..............................1393
DAVID K. BONAUTO, C. ANDREW BRODKIN, WILLIAM O. ROBERTSON
20.8.1 Normal anatomic and physiologic function of the liver .............1393
20.8.1.1 Factors influencing solvent hepatotoxicity ....................1394
20.8.1.2 Microscopic, biochemical and clinical findings associated with liver
injury due to solvents. ..............................1394
20.8.2 Hepatotoxicity associated with specific solvents. ................1395
20.8.2.1 Haloalkanes and haloalkenes ...........................1396
20.8.2.2 Carbon tetrachloride ...............................1396
20.8.2.3 Chloroform ....................................1397
20.8.2.4 Dichloromethane .................................1398
20.8.2.5 Trichloroethanes .................................1398
20.8.2.6 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane ............................1398
20.8.2.7 Tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene ....................1399
20.8.2.8 Other halogenated hydrocarbons .........................1399
20.8.2.9 Styrene and aromatic hydrocarbons .......................1399
20.8.2.10 N-substituted amides ...............................1400
20.8.2.11 Nitroparaffins. ..................................1400
20.8.2.12 Other solvents and mixed solvents ........................1401
20.9 Toxicity of environmental solvent exposure for brain, lung and heart. .....1404
KAYE H. KILBURN
21 SUBSTITUTION OF SOLVENTS BY SAFER PRODUCTS AND
PROCESSES ..................................1419
21.1 Supercritical solvents. ..............................1419
AYDIN K. SUNOL, SERMIN G. SUNOL
21.1.1 Introduction. ...................................1419
21.1.1.1 A promising path to green chemistry. ......................1422
21.1.1.2 Unique and tunable physico-chemical properties ................1422
21.1.1.3 Sustainable applications in many different areas. ................1422
21.1.2 Fundamentals ...................................1423
21.1.2.1 Phase behavior with supercritical solvents ....................1423
21.1.2.1.1 Experimental methods ..............................1426
21.1.2.1.2 Computational aspects ..............................1428
21.1.2.1.3 Modeling .....................................1429
21.1.2.2 Transport properties of supercritical solvents ..................1431
21.1.2.2.1 Viscosity .....................................1431
21.1.2.2.2 Diffusivity ....................................1432
21.1.2.2.3 Thermal conductivity. ..............................1433
21.1.2.2.4 Surface tension ..................................1435
21.1.2.3 Entrainer (co-solvent effects) of supercritical solvents .............1435
21.1.2.4 Reaction rate implication in supercritical solvents ................1436
21.1.2.5 Sorption behavior of supercritical solvents. ...................1437
21.1.2.6 Swelling with supercritical solvents .......................1437
21.1.2.7 Surfactants and micro-emulsions. ........................1438
21.1.3 Separation with supercritical solvents ......................1438
21.1.3.1 Leaching - generic application ..........................1441