Handbook of Solvents - George Wypych - ChemTech - Ventech!

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1260 Pentti Kalliokoski, Kai Savolainen tem based on the ACGIH manual criteria for open surface tanks 51 has been found to be effective for stripping tanks. 47 When different versions of such a hood was installed in an existing stripping tank, considerable improvement in airborne concentrations was achieved. Methylene concentrations were reduced from 600-1150 ppm to 28-34 ppm. By the use of side baffles and larger room area which would allow more even supply of make-up air even lower airborne levels would be possible to achieve. 47 Toluene is used to clean the rotogravure presses. High exposure levels, up to 700 ppm, may occur during this task. 49 Offset presses are usually cleaned with chlorinated solvents. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and Freons were earlier commonly used as cleaning solvents. 46 The mean concentration of 1,1,1-trichloroethane has been 23 ppm. The highest concentration observed in Finland has been 117 ppm. 46 Solvent cleaning is a task where exposure is difficult to control with ventilation arrangements but the use of a respirator is needed. Because it usually lasts only for a short time (typically about 1 hour/week) its use is neither too heavy physically. 18.4.7 DRY CLEANING Carbon tetrachloride was the first solvent used in dry cleaning. It was introduced in the 1920’s and used until the 1950’s. The use of trichloroethylene started in the 1930’s and it is still used to a limited extent. Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) was introduced in the 1950’s and is today by far the most common dry cleaning solvent. 10 Perchloroethylene is neurotoxic and NIOSH considers it as potential human carcinogen. 53 Its TLV is 25 ppm and the Finnish OEL 50 ppm. The concentration of perchloroethylene in blood is used for biological monitoring. The ACGIH BEI is 0.5 mg/l and FIOH BEI 6 mol/l (1 mg/l). Petroleum solvents are a safer alternative for dry cleaning. 53 Emulsion cleaning, where an alkaline mixture of surfactants is used together with a small amount of nonchlorinated organic solvent in water, can be used for textiles that tolerate water. 43 Dry cleaning machines have developed safer over the time. Five generations of machines have appeared. The first generation machines, where solvent-laden clothing was manually transferred to a separate dryer, were used until the late 1960’s. This transfer was eliminated in the machines of the second generation. Residual solvents were still vented to the atmosphere. Condensers were introduced to the non-vented, third generation machines in the late 1970’s. The fourth generation machines have in addition to the refrigerated condenser an activated carbon absorber to control solvent vapor at the cylinder outlet at the end of the drying cycle. The fifth generation machines are also provided with a monitor and an interlocking system to ensure that the concentration of perchloroethylene is below 300 ppm when the door is opened. 54 The TWA exposure level was 40-60 ppm when the first generation machines were used. With the second and third generation machines the TWA exposure level was 15-20 ppm. All these machines, however, created short-term peak concentrations up to 1000-4000 ppm. The fourth generation machines reduced the TWA exposure level below 3 ppm, and when the fifth generation machines are used TWA concentration remains below 2 ppm. With the fourth and fifth generation machines, the peak concentrations are 10-300 ppm. 54 Local ventilation hoods can be used above the door as an additional control measure. 55 In addition to the cleaners, pressers, sewers, counters, and maintenance workers may be exposed to some extent. 56 The mean 8 h TWA concentration of perchloroethylene was 13 ppm (range 3-29 ppm) in Finland. The mean concentration of perchloroethylene in the blood of Finnish dry clean-
18.4 Solvent uses with exposure risks 1261 ing workers was 1.3μmol/l (range
Page 1 and 2:
HANDBOOK OF SOLVENTS George Wypych,
Page 3 and 4:
Preface Although the chemical indus
Page 5 and 6:
Preface xxix contain or to have use
Page 7 and 8:
1654 Acknowledgments 10.3 Solvent e
Page 9 and 10:
Table of Contents Preface .........
Page 11 and 12:
Table of contents iii 4.3 Polar sol
Page 13 and 14:
Table of contents v 7.2.1.1 Rheolog
Page 15 and 16:
Table of contents vii 9.4.4 Solvent
Page 17 and 18:
Table of contents ix 12.2.2.1 Chemi
Page 19 and 20:
Table of contents xi 14.4.3.1 Intro
Page 21 and 22:
Table of contents xiii 14.19 Paints
Page 23 and 24:
Table of contents xv 15.1.20 Gas ch
Page 25 and 26:
Table of contents xvii 17.2.2 Movem
Page 27 and 28:
Table of contents xix 18.4.7 Dry cl
Page 29 and 30:
Table of contents xxi 20.7.1 Introd
Page 31 and 32:
Table of contents xxiii 21.4.1.3 Pr
Page 33 and 34:
Table of contents xxv 23.2.1.3 Sour
Page 35 and 36:
2 Christian Reichardt aliphatic nit
Page 37 and 38:
4 Christian Reichardt the knowledge
Page 39 and 40:
2 Fundamental Principles Governing
Page 41 and 42:
2.1 Solvent effects on chemical sys
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
2.2 Molecular design of solvents 37
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
2.3 Basic physical and chemical pro
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
66 George Wypych Aprotic/Protic Ter
Page 99 and 100:
68 George Wypych Biodegradability T
Page 101 and 102:
70 George Wypych Figure 3.2.1. Sche
Page 103 and 104:
72 George Wypych Figure 3.3.4. Simp
Page 105 and 106:
74 George Wypych Synthetic routes a
Page 107 and 108:
76 George Wypych Property minimum V
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
96 Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart,
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
General Principles Governing Dissol
Page 133 and 134:
4.1 Simple solvent characteristics
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
4.2 Effect of system variables on s
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 133 tr
Page 165 and 166:
4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 135 Fo
Page 167 and 168:
4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 137 at
Page 169 and 170:
4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 139 li
Page 171 and 172:
4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 141 Fi
Page 173 and 174:
4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 143 Fi
Page 175 and 176:
4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 145 ta
Page 177 and 178:
4.4 Measurement of solvent activity
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Solubility of Selected Systems and
Page 275 and 276:
5.1 Solubility parameters 245 ln P
Page 277 and 278:
5.1 Solubility parameters 247 Accep
Page 279 and 280:
5.1 Solubility parameters 249 media
Page 281 and 282:
5.1 Solubility parameters 251 Polym
Page 283 and 284:
5.2 Prediction of solubility parame
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
5.3 Methods of calculation of solub
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
5.4 Mixed solvents - polymer solubi
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
5.5 The phenomenological theory of
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
306 E. Ya. Denisyuk, V. V. Tereshat
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
318 V V Tereshatov, V Yu. Senichev,
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
328 Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Y
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
340 George Wypych where: τM the mo
Page 371 and 372:
342 George Wypych ξ 0.55 0.5 0.45
Page 373 and 374:
344 George Wypych Self-diffusion co
Page 375 and 376:
346 George Wypych Temperature, K 31
Page 377 and 378:
348 George Wypych Diffusion distanc
Page 379 and 380:
350 George Wypych • evaporation-i
Page 381 and 382:
352 George Wypych Water volume frac
Page 383 and 384:
354 George Wypych Diffusion coeffic
Page 385 and 386:
356 Semyon Levitsky, Zinoviy Shulma
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
386 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun 7.3
Page 417 and 418:
388 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun rat
Page 419 and 420:
390 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun The
Page 421 and 422:
392 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun whe
Page 423 and 424:
394 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun beg
Page 425 and 426:
396 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun 7.3
Page 427 and 428:
398 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun Fig
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
404 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun sol
Page 435 and 436:
406 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun Tab
Page 437 and 438:
408 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun and
Page 439 and 440:
410 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun to
Page 441 and 442:
412 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun The
Page 443 and 444:
414 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun cau
Page 445 and 446:
416 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun Nu
Page 447 and 448:
Interactions in Solvents and Soluti
Page 449 and 450:
8.2 Basic simplifications of quantu
Page 451 and 452:
8.2 Basic simplifications of quantu
Page 453 and 454:
8.4 Two-body interaction energy 425
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
8.5 Three- and many-body interactio
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
8.6 The variety of interaction pote
Page 487 and 488:
8.6 The variety of interaction pote
Page 489 and 490:
8.7 Theoretical and computing model
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
8.8 Practical applications of model
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
8.9 Liquid surfaces 493 to study th
Page 523 and 524:
8.9 Liquid surfaces 495 The potenti
Page 525 and 526:
8.9 Liquid surfaces 497 out of equi
Page 527 and 528:
8.9 Liquid surfaces 499 tions) of t
Page 529 and 530:
8 Interactions in solvents and solu
Page 531 and 532:
8 Interactions in solvents and solu
Page 533 and 534:
9 Mixed Solvents Y. Y. Fialkov, V.
Page 535 and 536:
9.2 Chemical interaction between co
Page 537 and 538:
9.2 Chemical interaction between co
Page 539 and 540:
9.3 Physical properties of mixed so
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
9.4 Mixed solvent influence on the
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
9.5 The mixed solvent effect on the
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
9 Mixed solvents 563 22 Minkin V.,
Page 593 and 594:
10 Acid-base Interactions 10.1 GENE
Page 595 and 596:
10.1 General concept of acid-base i
Page 597 and 598:
10.1 General concept of acid-base i
Page 599 and 600:
10.2 Effect of polymer/solvent acid
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
Page 605 and 606:
Page 607 and 608:
Page 609 and 610:
Page 611 and 612:
10.3 Solvent effects based on pure
Page 613 and 614:
Page 615 and 616:
Page 617 and 618:
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
Page 635 and 636:
Page 637 and 638:
Page 639 and 640:
Page 641 and 642:
Page 643 and 644:
Page 645 and 646:
10.4 Acid-base equilibria in ionic
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Page 651 and 652:
Page 653 and 654:
Page 655 and 656:
Page 657 and 658:
Page 659 and 660:
Page 661 and 662:
Page 663 and 664:
Page 665 and 666:
Page 667 and 668:
11 Electronic and Electrical Effect
Page 669 and 670:
11.1 Theoretical treatment of solve
Page 671 and 672:
Page 673 and 674:
Page 675 and 676:
Page 677 and 678:
Page 679 and 680:
Page 681 and 682:
Page 683 and 684:
Page 685 and 686:
Page 687 and 688:
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Page 693 and 694:
Page 695 and 696:
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
Page 701 and 702:
Page 703 and 704:
Page 705 and 706:
Page 707 and 708:
Page 709 and 710:
11.2 Dielectric solvent effects 681
Page 711 and 712:
12 Other Properties of Solvents, So
Page 713 and 714:
12.1 Rheological properties, aggreg
Page 715 and 716:
Page 717 and 718:
Page 719 and 720:
Page 721 and 722:
Page 723 and 724:
Page 725 and 726:
Page 727 and 728:
Page 729 and 730:
Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Page 735 and 736:
12.2 Chain conformations of polysac
Page 737 and 738:
Page 739 and 740:
Page 741 and 742:
Page 743 and 744:
Page 745 and 746:
Page 747 and 748:
Page 749 and 750:
Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Page 761 and 762:
Page 763 and 764:
Page 765 and 766:
738 Roland Schmid Figure 13.1.1. Re
Page 767 and 768:
740 Roland Schmid HB interactions,
Page 769 and 770:
742 Roland Schmid AN = -133.8 - 0.0
Page 771 and 772:
744 Roland Schmid ated by the macro
Page 773 and 774:
746 Roland Schmid turns out, polar
Page 775 and 776:
748 Roland Schmid Packing density
Page 777 and 778:
750 Roland Schmid tween calculated
Page 779 and 780:
752 Roland Schmid over the solute-s
Page 781 and 782:
754 Roland Schmid of the empirical
Page 783 and 784:
756 Roland Schmid From X-ray and ne
Page 785 and 786:
758 Roland Schmid Table 13.1.5. Sol
Page 787 and 788:
760 Roland Schmid ΔG = ΔG + ΔG [
Page 789 and 790:
762 Roland Schmid very recent paper
Page 791 and 792:
764 Roland Schmid Solvent ΔvH/RT
Page 793 and 794:
766 Roland Schmid E r = E i + E s [
Page 795 and 796:
768 Roland Schmid from the explicit
Page 797 and 798:
770 Roland Schmid sequently, there
Page 799 and 800:
772 Roland Schmid simulations. 188-
Page 801 and 802:
774 Roland Schmid 23 N. A. Lewis, Y
Page 803 and 804:
776 Roland Schmid 132 R. R. Dogonad
Page 805 and 806:
778 Michelle L. Coote and Thomas P.
Page 807 and 808:
Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
Page 813 and 814:
Page 815 and 816:
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
Page 821 and 822:
Page 823 and 824:
Page 825 and 826:
798 Maw-Ling Wang 13.3 EFFECTS OF O
Page 827 and 828:
800 Maw-Ling Wang [13.3.2] Inverse
Page 829 and 830:
802 Maw-Ling Wang Both cation and a
Page 831 and 832:
804 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.2. Eff
Page 833 and 834:
806 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.3. Ext
Page 835 and 836:
808 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.5. Eff
Page 837 and 838:
810 Maw-Ling Wang reacts with pheno
Page 839 and 840:
812 Maw-Ling Wang Figure 13.3.3. Ef
Page 841 and 842:
814 Maw-Ling Wang the organic solve
Page 843 and 844:
816 Maw-Ling Wang crease. Therefore
Page 845 and 846:
818 Maw-Ling Wang (F) Polymerizatio
Page 847 and 848:
820 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.16. Sy
Page 849 and 850:
822 Maw-Ling Wang 13.3.1.4 Effect o
Page 851 and 852:
824 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.19 Eff
Page 853 and 854:
826 Maw-Ling Wang quaternary salt c
Page 855 and 856:
828 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.24. Ef
Page 857 and 858:
830 Maw-Ling Wang Solvent Dielectri
Page 859 and 860:
832 Maw-Ling Wang ied. 82,83,97,101
Page 861 and 862:
834 Maw-Ling Wang substitution, suc
Page 863 and 864:
836 Maw-Ling Wang (2) the ion excha
Page 865 and 866:
838 Maw-Ling Wang REFERENCES 1 A. A
Page 867 and 868:
840 Maw-Ling Wang 101 D. C. Sherrin
Page 869 and 870:
842 Norio Tsubokawa [13.4.2] PAI is
Page 871 and 872:
844 Norio Tsubokawa Table 13.4.2. I
Page 873 and 874:
846 Norio Tsubokawa more easily tha
Page 875 and 876:
848 George Wypych methyl amyl keton
Page 877 and 878:
850 George Wypych Peel strength, N/
Page 879 and 880:
852 George Wypych 8 P Enenkel, H Ba
Page 881 and 882:
854 George Wypych Table 14.2.2. Tot
Page 883 and 884:
856 M Matsumoto, S Isken, JAMdeBont
Page 885 and 886:
Page 887 and 888:
Page 889 and 890:
Page 891 and 892:
Page 893 and 894:
866 Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart
Page 895 and 896:
Page 897 and 898:
Page 899 and 900:
872 Tsuneo Yamane 14.4.3 CHOICE OF
Page 901 and 902:
874 Tsuneo Yamane Very trace amount
Page 903 and 904:
876 Tsuneo Yamane It has been shown
Page 905 and 906:
878 Tsuneo Yamane [ ( kcat Km) ( kc
Page 907 and 908:
880 George Wypych 11 A. Zaks, in En
Page 909 and 910:
882 George Wypych rected towards im
Page 911 and 912:
884 Kaspar D. Hasenclever than 55°
Page 913 and 914:
886 Kaspar D. Hasenclever The same
Page 915 and 916:
888 Kaspar D. Hasenclever Figure 14
Page 917 and 918:
890 Kaspar D. Hasenclever Computer
Page 919 and 920:
892 Kaspar D. Hasenclever • Solve
Page 921 and 922:
894 Martin Hanek, Norbert Löw, And
Page 923 and 924:
Page 925 and 926:
Page 927 and 928:
Page 929 and 930:
Page 931 and 932:
Page 933 and 934:
Page 935 and 936:
Page 937 and 938:
Page 939 and 940:
Page 941 and 942:
Page 943 and 944:
Page 945 and 946:
Page 947 and 948:
920 George Wypych 20 N. L�w, EPP
Page 949 and 950:
922 George Wypych Table 14.9.2. Rep
Page 951 and 952:
924 Phillip J. Wakelyn, Peter J. Wa
Page 953 and 954:
Page 955 and 956:
Page 957 and 958:
Page 959 and 960:
Page 961 and 962:
Page 963 and 964:
Page 965 and 966:
Page 967 and 968:
Page 969 and 970:
Page 971 and 972:
Page 973 and 974:
Page 975 and 976:
Page 977 and 978:
950 George Wypych 14.11 GROUND TRAN
Page 979 and 980:
952 George Wypych Figure 14.13.1. S
Page 981 and 982:
Page 983 and 984:
956 George Wypych more to show that
Page 985 and 986:
958 George Wypych Table 14.16.1. Re
Page 987 and 988:
Page 989 and 990:
Page 991 and 992:
Page 993 and 994:
Page 995 and 996:
Page 997 and 998:
970 David Randall 14.19.2.2 Water b
Page 999 and 1000:
972 David Randall Hydrophobic subst
Page 1001 and 1002:
974 David Randall 50-60% glutaric,
Page 1003 and 1004:
976 George Wypych Figure 14.20.1. D
Page 1005 and 1006:
978 Michel Bauer, Christine Barthé
Page 1007 and 1008:
Page 1009 and 1010:
Page 1011 and 1012:
Page 1013 and 1014:
Page 1015 and 1016:
Page 1017 and 1018:
Page 1019 and 1020:
Page 1021 and 1022:
Page 1023 and 1024:
Page 1025 and 1026:
998 An Li This discussion is intend
Page 1027 and 1028:
1000 An Li Trade Name Cosolvent vol
Page 1029 and 1030:
1002 An Li Figure 14.21.2.1. Effect
Page 1031 and 1032:
1004 An Li partial derivative ∂(l
Page 1033 and 1034:
1006 An Li Equation [14.21.2.8] can
Page 1035 and 1036:
1008 An Li Figure 14.21.2.2a. Devia
Page 1037 and 1038:
1010 An Li Figure 14.21.2.2c. Devia
Page 1039 and 1040:
1012 An Li f 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.
Page 1041 and 1042:
1014 An Li estimated from the log K
Page 1043 and 1044:
1016 George Wypych 72 K. Brololm, a
Page 1045 and 1046:
1018 George Wypych Figure 14.22.2.
Page 1047 and 1048:
1020 George Wypych New technology i
Page 1049 and 1050:
1022 George Wypych Table 14.23.1. R
Page 1051 and 1052:
Page 1053 and 1054:
1026 Mohamed Serageldin, Dave Reeve
Page 1055 and 1056:
Page 1057 and 1058:
Page 1059 and 1060:
Page 1061 and 1062:
Page 1063 and 1064:
Page 1065 and 1066:
Page 1067 and 1068:
Page 1069 and 1070:
Page 1071 and 1072:
Page 1073 and 1074:
Page 1075 and 1076:
Page 1077 and 1078:
1050 George Wypych Table 14.32.5. T
Page 1079 and 1080:
1052 George Wypych The traditional
Page 1081 and 1082:
1054 George Wypych The acidity of b
Page 1083 and 1084:
1056 George Wypych except water whi
Page 1085 and 1086:
1058 George Wypych solution is 2.73
Page 1087 and 1088:
1060 George Wypych presence of igni
Page 1089 and 1090:
1062 George Wypych method of determ
Page 1091 and 1092:
1064 George Wypych used. A thermal
Page 1093 and 1094:
1066 George Wypych 15.1.26 REFRACTI
Page 1095 and 1096:
1068 George Wypych Table 15.1.1. Ty
Page 1097 and 1098:
1070 George Wypych Wexcluded solven
Page 1099 and 1100:
1072 George Wypych 25 ASTM D 2108-9
Page 1101 and 1102:
1074 George Wypych 68 ASTM D 3844-9
Page 1103 and 1104:
1076 George Wypych BS 506-2.84. Met
Page 1105 and 1106:
1078 Myrto Petreas 15.2 SPECIAL MET
Page 1107 and 1108:
1080 Myrto Petreas In short, biolog
Page 1109 and 1110:
1082 Myrto Petreas cients of some i
Page 1111 and 1112:
1084 Myrto Petreas lection at the a
Page 1113 and 1114:
1086 Myrto Petreas and legal reperc
Page 1115 and 1116:
1088 Myrto Petreas • The solvent
Page 1117 and 1118:
1090 Myrto Petreas of time after ex
Page 1119 and 1120:
1092 Myrto Petreas even after log-l
Page 1121 and 1122:
1094 Myrto Petreas 26 M Petreas, J
Page 1123 and 1124:
1096 James L. Botsford In Europe ma
Page 1125 and 1126:
1098 James L. Botsford Figure 15.2.
Page 1127 and 1128:
1100 James L. Botsford cussed. Neit
Page 1129 and 1130:
1102 James L. Botsford n Ave. Var.
Page 1131 and 1132:
1104 James L. Botsford (Calleja et
Page 1133 and 1134:
1106 James L. Botsford Table 15.2.2
Page 1135 and 1136:
1108 James L. Botsford the test is
Page 1137 and 1138:
1110 James L. Botsford Table 15.2.2
Page 1139 and 1140:
1112 James L. Botsford Geiger, D. L
Page 1141 and 1142:
1114 Christine Barthélémy, Michel
Page 1143 and 1144:
Page 1145 and 1146:
Page 1147 and 1148:
Page 1149 and 1150:
Page 1151 and 1152:
Page 1153 and 1154:
1126 George Wypych n-heptane molecu
Page 1155 and 1156:
1128 George Wypych MEK P PA Fat-fre
Page 1157 and 1158:
1130 Michel Bauer, Christine Barth
Page 1159 and 1160:
Page 1161 and 1162:
Page 1163 and 1164:
Page 1165 and 1166:
Page 1167 and 1168:
Page 1169 and 1170:
Page 1171 and 1172:
Page 1173 and 1174:
Page 1175 and 1176:
17 Environmental Impact of Solvents
Page 1177 and 1178:
17.1 The environmental fate and mov
Page 1179 and 1180:
Page 1181 and 1182:
Page 1183 and 1184:
Page 1185 and 1186:
Page 1187 and 1188:
Page 1189 and 1190:
17.2 Fate-based management 1163 dat
Page 1191 and 1192:
17.2 Fate-based management 1165 bre
Page 1193 and 1194:
17.2 Fate-based management 1167 gra
Page 1195 and 1196:
17.3 Environmental fate of glycol e
Page 1197 and 1198:
Page 1199 and 1200:
Page 1201 and 1202:
Page 1203 and 1204:
Page 1205 and 1206:
Page 1207 and 1208:
Page 1209 and 1210:
Page 1211 and 1212:
Page 1213 and 1214:
Page 1215 and 1216:
17.4 Organic solvent impacts on tro
Page 1217 and 1218:
Page 1219 and 1220:
Page 1221 and 1222:
Page 1223 and 1224:
Page 1225 and 1226:
Page 1227 and 1228:
18 Concentration of Solvents in Var
Page 1229 and 1230:
18.1 Measurement and estimation of
Page 1231 and 1232:
Page 1233 and 1234:
Page 1235 and 1236: 18.1 Measurement and estimation of
Page 1253 and 1254: 18.2 Prediction of organic solvents
Page 1261 and 1262: 18.3 Indoor air pollution by solven
Page 1277 and 1278: 18.4 Solvent uses with exposure ris
Page 1285: 18.4 Solvent uses with exposure ris
Page 1293 and 1294: 1268 Carlos M. Nu�ez ter or habit
Page 1295 and 1296: 1270 Carlos M. Nu�ez CAS No. Chem
Page 1307 and 1308: 1282 Carlos M. Nu�ez tronic circu
Page 1309 and 1310: 1284 Carlos M. Nu�ez EPA Region 6
Page 1311 and 1312: 1286 Carlos M. Nu�ez i.e., entire
Page 1313 and 1314: 1288 Carlos M. Nu�ez Table 19.6.
Page 1315 and 1316: 1290 Carlos M. Nu�ez Schedule Sou
Page 1317 and 1318: 1292 Carlos M. Nu�ez The CAA prov
Page 1319 and 1320: 1294 Carlos M. Nu�ez CWA to estab
Page 1321 and 1322: 1296 Carlos M. Nu�ez amended to i
Page 1323 and 1324: 1298 Carlos M. Nu�ez Figure 19.5.
Page 1325 and 1326: 1300 Carlos M. Nu�ez environmenta
Page 1327 and 1328: 1302 Carlos M. Nu�ez For comparis
Page 1329 and 1330: 1304 Carlos M. Nu�ez tives. Four
Page 1331 and 1332: 1306 Carlos M. Nu�ez • Program
Page 1333 and 1334: 1308 Carlos M. Nu�ez 31 Federal R
Page 1335 and 1336: 1310 Carlos M. Nu�ez HSWA Hazardo
Page 1337 and 1338:
Page 1339 and 1340:
20 Toxic Effects of Solvent Exposur
Page 1341 and 1342:
20.1 Toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics
Page 1343 and 1344:
Page 1345 and 1346:
Page 1347 and 1348:
Page 1349 and 1350:
Page 1351 and 1352:
20.2 Cognitive and psychosocial out
Page 1353 and 1354:
Page 1355 and 1356:
Page 1357 and 1358:
20.3 Pregnancy outcome following so
Page 1359 and 1360:
Page 1361 and 1362:
Page 1363 and 1364:
Page 1365 and 1366:
Page 1367 and 1368:
Page 1369 and 1370:
Page 1371 and 1372:
Page 1373 and 1374:
Page 1375 and 1376:
Page 1377 and 1378:
Page 1379 and 1380:
20.4 Industrial solvents and kidney
Page 1381 and 1382:
Page 1383 and 1384:
Page 1385 and 1386:
Page 1387 and 1388:
20.5 Lymphohematopoietic study of w
Page 1389 and 1390:
Page 1391 and 1392:
Page 1393 and 1394:
Page 1395 and 1396:
Page 1397 and 1398:
Page 1399 and 1400:
20.6 Chromosomal aberrations 1375 2
Page 1401 and 1402:
20.6 Chromosomal aberrations 1377 p
Page 1403 and 1404:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1379 8 Mitelman
Page 1405 and 1406:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1381 to convert
Page 1407 and 1408:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1383 Table 20.7
Page 1409 and 1410:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1385 toxicity o
Page 1411 and 1412:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1387 early pote
Page 1413 and 1414:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1389 vents. It
Page 1415 and 1416:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1391 19 Slater
Page 1417 and 1418:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1393 20
Page 1419 and 1420:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1395 Cu
Page 1421 and 1422:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1397 th
Page 1423 and 1424:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1399 cu
Page 1425 and 1426:
Page 1427 and 1428:
Page 1429 and 1430:
20.9 Toxicity of environmental solv
Page 1431 and 1432:
Page 1433 and 1434:
Page 1435 and 1436:
Page 1437 and 1438:
Page 1439 and 1440:
Page 1441 and 1442:
Page 1443 and 1444:
21 Substitution of Solvents by Safe
Page 1445 and 1446:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1421 So
Page 1447 and 1448:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1423 Fi
Page 1449 and 1450:
Page 1451 and 1452:
Page 1453 and 1454:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1429 K
Page 1455 and 1456:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1431 ai
Page 1457 and 1458:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1433 Th
Page 1459 and 1460:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1435 wh
Page 1461 and 1462:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1437 *
Page 1463 and 1464:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1439 In
Page 1465 and 1466:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1441 21
Page 1467 and 1468:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1443 Ta
Page 1469 and 1470:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1445 Re
Page 1471 and 1472:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1447 Re
Page 1473 and 1474:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1449 ta
Page 1475 and 1476:
Page 1477 and 1478:
Page 1479 and 1480:
Page 1481 and 1482:
Page 1483 and 1484:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1459 85 M. Polia
Page 1485 and 1486:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1461 be used. Th
Page 1487 and 1488:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1463 Figure 21.2
Page 1489 and 1490:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1465 Table 21.2.
Page 1491 and 1492:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1467 been utiliz
Page 1493 and 1494:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1469 One specifi
Page 1495 and 1496:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1471 lustrates t
Page 1497 and 1498:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1473 these alloy
Page 1499 and 1500:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1475 ( ) ln = K
Page 1501 and 1502:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1477 According t
Page 1503 and 1504:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1479 Acidic melt
Page 1505 and 1506:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1481 21 C.L. Hus
Page 1507 and 1508:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1483 110 G.P. Li
Page 1509 and 1510:
21.3 Oxide solubilities in ionic me
Page 1511 and 1512:
Page 1513 and 1514:
Page 1515 and 1516:
Page 1517 and 1518:
Page 1519 and 1520:
Page 1521 and 1522:
21.4 Alternative cleaning technolog
Page 1523 and 1524:
Page 1525 and 1526:
Page 1527 and 1528:
Page 1529 and 1530:
Page 1531 and 1532:
1508 Klaus-Dirk Henning Application
Page 1533 and 1534:
1510 Klaus-Dirk Henning 22.1.2.2 Ad
Page 1535 and 1536:
1512 Klaus-Dirk Henning point the a
Page 1537 and 1538:
1514 Klaus-Dirk Henning Figure 22.1
Page 1539 and 1540:
Page 1541 and 1542:
1518 Klaus-Dirk Henning Table 22.1.
Page 1543 and 1544:
Page 1545 and 1546:
1522 Klaus-Dirk Henning Regeneratio
Page 1547 and 1548:
1524 Klaus-Dirk Henning • activit
Page 1549 and 1550:
1526 Klaus-Dirk Henning adsorption
Page 1551 and 1552:
Page 1553 and 1554:
Page 1555 and 1556:
Page 1557 and 1558:
1534 Klaus-Dirk Henning vent conden
Page 1559 and 1560:
Page 1561 and 1562:
Page 1563 and 1564:
Page 1565 and 1566:
1542 Klaus-Dirk Henning 12 H. Krill
Page 1567 and 1568:
1544 Isao Kimura Table 22.2.1. Appl
Page 1569 and 1570:
1546 Isao Kimura Table 22.2.2. Typi
Page 1571 and 1572:
1548 Isao Kimura 22.2.4 SOLVENT REC
Page 1573 and 1574:
1550 Isao Kimura Figure 22.2.9. Flo
Page 1575 and 1576:
1552 Isao Kimura • Difficult in d
Page 1577 and 1578:
1554 Isao Kimura Figure 22.2.12. Fl
Page 1579 and 1580:
1556 Denis Kargol Figure 22.3.1. So
Page 1581 and 1582:
1558 Denis Kargol Figure 22.3.4. AS
Page 1583 and 1584:
1560 K. A. Magrini, et al. and Olli
Page 1585 and 1586:
1562 K. A. Magrini, et al. ysis of
Page 1587 and 1588:
1564 K. A. Magrini, et al. Figure 2
Page 1589 and 1590:
1566 K. A. Magrini, et al. On the l
Page 1591 and 1592:
1568 K. A. Magrini, et al. ating te
Page 1593 and 1594:
1570 K. A. Magrini, et al. Cummings
Page 1595 and 1596:
1572 Hanadi S. Rifai, Charles J. Ne
Page 1597 and 1598:
Page 1599 and 1600:
Page 1601 and 1602:
Page 1603 and 1604:
Page 1605 and 1606:
Page 1607 and 1608:
Page 1609 and 1610:
Page 1611 and 1612:
Page 1613 and 1614:
Page 1615 and 1616:
Page 1617 and 1618:
Page 1619 and 1620:
Page 1621 and 1622:
Page 1623 and 1624:
Page 1625 and 1626:
Page 1627 and 1628:
Page 1629 and 1630:
Page 1631 and 1632:
Page 1633 and 1634:
Page 1635 and 1636:
Page 1637 and 1638:
Page 1639 and 1640:
Page 1641 and 1642:
1618 Barry J. Spargo, James G. Muel
Page 1643 and 1644:
Page 1645 and 1646:
Page 1647 and 1648:
Page 1649 and 1650:
Page 1651 and 1652:
Page 1653 and 1654:
Page 1655 and 1656:
1632 George Wypych number of 1 or e
Page 1657 and 1658:
1634 George Wypych In addition to t
Page 1659 and 1660:
1636 George Wypych d diameter of gr
Page 1661 and 1662:
1638 George Wypych wax-containing c
Page 1663 and 1664:
1640 George Wypych product of inven
Page 1665 and 1666:
1642 George Wypych selection of sol
Page 1667 and 1668:
1644 George Wypych fining processes
Page 1669 and 1670:
1646 George Wypych requires several
Page 1671 and 1672:
1648 George Wypych crease color str
Page 1673 and 1674:
1650 George Wypych tion. The patent
Page 1675 and 1676:
1652 George Wypych 75 M Solinas, T
Page 1677 and 1678:
1658 Index anhydrous form 282 anili
Page 1679 and 1680:
1660 Index 1-chlorooctane 826 chlor
Page 1681 and 1682:
1662 Index term 750 dipole moment 1
Page 1683 and 1684:
1664 Index Friedel-Crafts alkylatio
Page 1685 and 1686:
1666 Index method 245 laser 689 lat
Page 1687 and 1688:
1668 Index O octane 127,185 1-octan
Page 1689 and 1690:
1670 Index Prandtl number 392 Praus
Page 1691 and 1692:
1672 Index function 137 preferentia
Page 1693 and 1694:
1674 Index change 350 time scale 33
show all

Handbook of Solvents - George Wypych - ChemTech - Ventech!

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?