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Handbook of Solvents - George Wypych - ChemTech - Ventech!

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15.2.2 A simple test to determine toxicity using bacteria 1111<br />

tests”, would not <strong>of</strong>fend animal rights advocates and should indicate if the chemical is dangerous.<br />

All could be performed by personnel with chemical laboratory skills.<br />

15.2.2.10 Summary<br />

This work shows that the Rhizobium test provides results comparable to other tests. Tests<br />

seem particularly comparable to work with Daphnia magna and with results from in vitro<br />

tests with animal cells. The test is simple, unskilled laboratory workers can master it<br />

quickly. The test is inexpensive, no specialized equipment is required, given cells, any laboratory<br />

able to carry out simple chemical analysis should be able to perform the assay. The<br />

test is rapid, a sample can be tested and analyzed in an hour, the test does not take several<br />

days. It <strong>of</strong>fers an ideal first test for toxic chemicals (Blaise, 1991)<br />

References<br />

Altman, F. P. 1976. Tetrazolium salts and formazans. Progress is Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 9:6-52.<br />

Bitton, G., Dutka, B. J. (1986) Toxicity testing using microorganisms. CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, Florida 163<br />

pp.<br />

Blaise, C. 1991. Microbiotests in aquatic toxicology. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality. 6:145-151.<br />

Botsford, J. L., Rivera, J., Navarez, J., Riley, R., Wright T., Baker, R. 1997. Assay for toxic chemicals using bacteria.<br />

Bulletin <strong>of</strong> Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59:1000-1008.<br />

Botsford, J. L. 1998. A simple assay for toxic chemicals using a bacterial indicator. World Journal <strong>of</strong> Microbiology<br />

and Biotechnology. 14:369-376.<br />

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Environmental Toxicology 99:285-290.<br />

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Botsford, J. L. 2000b. Role <strong>of</strong> EDTA in a simple method for determining toxicity using a bacterial indicator organism.<br />

World Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology, in press.<br />

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in vitro cytotoxicity chemicals to aquatic nonvertebrates. Archives Enviornmental Contamination and Toxicology<br />

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acute toxicity, as evaluated with the first 50 MEIC chemicals. ATLA 21:330-349.<br />

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Lavrijsen, K., Lewan, L., Lilius, H., Malmsten, A., Ohno, T., Persoone, G., Pettersson, R., Roguet, R., Romert, L.,<br />

Sandberg, M., Sawyer, T.W., Seibert, H., Shrivastava, R., Sjostrom, Stammati, A., Tanaka, N., Torres-Alanis, O.,<br />

Voss, J-U. Wakuri,S., Walum, E., Wang, X., Zucco, F., Ekwall, B. (1996). MEIC evaluation <strong>of</strong> acute systemic toxicity.<br />

ATLA 24:273-311.<br />

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Rommert, L., Stenberg, KL., Walum, E. (1989) Cytoxocity evaluation <strong>of</strong> the first ten MEIC chemicals: Acute lethal<br />

toxicity in man predicted by cytotoxicity in five cellular assays and by oral LD50 tests in rodents. ATLA<br />

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Ekwall, B., Johansson, A. 1980. Preliminary studies on the validity <strong>of</strong> in vitro measurements <strong>of</strong> drug toxicity using<br />

HeLa cells I. Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity <strong>of</strong> 27 drugs. Toxicology Letters 5:299-307.<br />

Einabarawy, M. T., Robideau, R. R., Beach, S. A. (1988) Comparison <strong>of</strong> three rapid toxicity test procedures:<br />

Microtox TM , Polytox TM and activate sludge respiration inhibition. Toxicity Assessment 3:361-370.<br />

Fresjog, G. 1985. The allium test as a standard in environmental monitoring. Hereditas, 102:99-112.<br />

Gaggi, C., Sbrilli G., A.M. Hasab El Naby, Bucci, M., Duccini, M., and Bacci, E. 1994. Toxicity and hazard raking<br />

<strong>of</strong> S-triazine herbicides using Microtox, 2 green algal systems and a marine crustacean. Environmental Toxicology<br />

and Chemistry 14:1065-1069.

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