Handbook of Solvents - George Wypych - ChemTech - Ventech!

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712 Ranieri Urbani and Attilio Cesàro Figure 12.2.4. Representation of all possible conformations of the pyranosidic ring and respective inter-conversion paths. Figure 12.2.5. D-ribose conformational equilibria.
12.2 Chain conformations of polysaccharides 713 the partition function of the system (i.e., the free-energy change or the equilibrium constant for a transition between conformers). Table 12.2.1. Percentage composition of furanose and pyranose forms of D-ribose and glucose in different solvent systems Sugar Solvent α-F β-F α-P ( 4 C1) β-P ( 1 C4) β-P D-ribose Glucose H2O, 31 o C 13.5 6.5 21.5 44.0 14.5 D2O, 30 o C 8.0 14.0 23.0 41.0 14.0 DMSO, 30 o C 6.0 22.0 16.2 31.0 24.8 Ca 2+ , 1.27 M 13.0 5.0 40.0 14.0 28.0 DMSO, 17 o C 45.0 55.0 pyridine, 25 o C 0.6 1.0 45.0 53.0 Passing from monomer units to oligomers (disaccharides and higher oligosaccharides), the dominant features of molecular flexibility become those due to rotations about the glycosidic linkages. Although other conformational fluctuations may contribute to the local dynamics of the atoms or group of atoms, only the glycosidic linkage rotations are able to dramatically change the conformational topology of oligomers at ambient temperature. The aim of a conformational analysis of oligosaccharides is thus to evaluate the probability (that is the energy) of all mutual orientations of the two monosaccharidic units, as a function of rotations about the glycosidic linkages, defined by the dihedral angles: ϕ = [H1-C1-O1-Cm] ψ = [C1-O1-Cm-Hm] where m is the aglycon carbon number in the reducing ring. The important region of ϕand ψ rotations is the one with energy variations in the order of kT, the thermal motion energy, because this may produce a large ensemble of accessible conformational states for the oligosaccharide. Even when the rotational motion is restricted to only a few angles, the fluctuations of many such glycosidic bonds is amplified along the chain backbone, as the molecular weight increases. The accumulation of even limited local rotations may produce very large topological variations in the case of polymeric chains and consequently relevant changes in thermodynamic, hydrodynamic and rheological properties of these systems. Other internal motions often make only small contributions to the observable properties on the macromolecular scale. 23 Experimentally, NMR techniques are among the most valuable tools for studying conformations and dynamics of oligosaccharides in solution by determining chemical shifts, coupling constants, NOE’s and relaxation time. 24-30 In the study of saccharide conformations the potential of coupling constants evaluation, specially the (hetero-nuclear) carbon-proton spin-spin coupling constants, n J C,H, and their dependence on solvent medium is well known. Several empirical correlations between 1 J C,H and structural parameters like dihedral angles have been reported, 31 although the low natural abundance of the 13 C isotope often made the measurements technically difficult and 13 C enrichment was required for the generation of data of sufficient quality for the quantitative analysis. Nowadays, due to the progress of FT-NMR spectrometers, measurements of the three-bond (vicinal) carbon-pro-
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HANDBOOK OF SOLVENTS George Wypych,
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Preface Although the chemical indus
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Preface xxix contain or to have use
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1654 Acknowledgments 10.3 Solvent e
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Table of Contents Preface .........
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Table of contents iii 4.3 Polar sol
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Table of contents v 7.2.1.1 Rheolog
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Table of contents vii 9.4.4 Solvent
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Table of contents ix 12.2.2.1 Chemi
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Table of contents xi 14.4.3.1 Intro
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Table of contents xiii 14.19 Paints
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Table of contents xv 15.1.20 Gas ch
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Table of contents xvii 17.2.2 Movem
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Table of contents xix 18.4.7 Dry cl
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Table of contents xxi 20.7.1 Introd
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Table of contents xxiii 21.4.1.3 Pr
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Table of contents xxv 23.2.1.3 Sour
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2 Christian Reichardt aliphatic nit
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4 Christian Reichardt the knowledge
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2 Fundamental Principles Governing
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2.1 Solvent effects on chemical sys
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2.2 Molecular design of solvents 37
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2.3 Basic physical and chemical pro
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66 George Wypych Aprotic/Protic Ter
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68 George Wypych Biodegradability T
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70 George Wypych Figure 3.2.1. Sche
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72 George Wypych Figure 3.3.4. Simp
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74 George Wypych Synthetic routes a
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76 George Wypych Property minimum V
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96 Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart,
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General Principles Governing Dissol
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4.1 Simple solvent characteristics
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4.2 Effect of system variables on s
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 133 tr
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 135 Fo
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 137 at
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 139 li
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 141 Fi
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 143 Fi
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 145 ta
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4.4 Measurement of solvent activity
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Solubility of Selected Systems and
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5.1 Solubility parameters 245 ln P
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5.1 Solubility parameters 247 Accep
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5.1 Solubility parameters 249 media
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5.1 Solubility parameters 251 Polym
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5.2 Prediction of solubility parame
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5.3 Methods of calculation of solub
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5.4 Mixed solvents - polymer solubi
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5.5 The phenomenological theory of
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306 E. Ya. Denisyuk, V. V. Tereshat
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318 V V Tereshatov, V Yu. Senichev,
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328 Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Y
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340 George Wypych where: τM the mo
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342 George Wypych ξ 0.55 0.5 0.45
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344 George Wypych Self-diffusion co
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346 George Wypych Temperature, K 31
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348 George Wypych Diffusion distanc
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350 George Wypych • evaporation-i
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352 George Wypych Water volume frac
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354 George Wypych Diffusion coeffic
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356 Semyon Levitsky, Zinoviy Shulma
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386 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun 7.3
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388 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun rat
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390 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun The
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392 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun whe
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394 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun beg
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396 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun 7.3
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398 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun Fig
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404 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun sol
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406 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun Tab
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408 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun and
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410 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun to
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412 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun The
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414 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun cau
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416 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun Nu
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Interactions in Solvents and Soluti
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8.2 Basic simplifications of quantu
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8.2 Basic simplifications of quantu
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8.4 Two-body interaction energy 425
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8.5 Three- and many-body interactio
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8.6 The variety of interaction pote
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8.6 The variety of interaction pote
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8.7 Theoretical and computing model
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8.8 Practical applications of model
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8.9 Liquid surfaces 493 to study th
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8.9 Liquid surfaces 495 The potenti
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8.9 Liquid surfaces 497 out of equi
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8.9 Liquid surfaces 499 tions) of t
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8 Interactions in solvents and solu
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8 Interactions in solvents and solu
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9 Mixed Solvents Y. Y. Fialkov, V.
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9.2 Chemical interaction between co
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9.2 Chemical interaction between co
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9.3 Physical properties of mixed so
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9.4 Mixed solvent influence on the
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9.5 The mixed solvent effect on the
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9 Mixed solvents 563 22 Minkin V.,
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10 Acid-base Interactions 10.1 GENE
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10.1 General concept of acid-base i
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10.1 General concept of acid-base i
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10.2 Effect of polymer/solvent acid
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10.3 Solvent effects based on pure
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10.4 Acid-base equilibria in ionic
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11 Electronic and Electrical Effect
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11.1 Theoretical treatment of solve
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764 Roland Schmid Solvent ΔvH/RT
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766 Roland Schmid E r = E i + E s [
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768 Roland Schmid from the explicit
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770 Roland Schmid sequently, there
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772 Roland Schmid simulations. 188-
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774 Roland Schmid 23 N. A. Lewis, Y
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776 Roland Schmid 132 R. R. Dogonad
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778 Michelle L. Coote and Thomas P.
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798 Maw-Ling Wang 13.3 EFFECTS OF O
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800 Maw-Ling Wang [13.3.2] Inverse
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802 Maw-Ling Wang Both cation and a
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804 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.2. Eff
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806 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.3. Ext
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808 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.5. Eff
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810 Maw-Ling Wang reacts with pheno
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812 Maw-Ling Wang Figure 13.3.3. Ef
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814 Maw-Ling Wang the organic solve
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816 Maw-Ling Wang crease. Therefore
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818 Maw-Ling Wang (F) Polymerizatio
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820 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.16. Sy
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822 Maw-Ling Wang 13.3.1.4 Effect o
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824 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.19 Eff
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826 Maw-Ling Wang quaternary salt c
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828 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.24. Ef
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830 Maw-Ling Wang Solvent Dielectri
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832 Maw-Ling Wang ied. 82,83,97,101
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834 Maw-Ling Wang substitution, suc
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836 Maw-Ling Wang (2) the ion excha
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838 Maw-Ling Wang REFERENCES 1 A. A
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840 Maw-Ling Wang 101 D. C. Sherrin
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842 Norio Tsubokawa [13.4.2] PAI is
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844 Norio Tsubokawa Table 13.4.2. I
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846 Norio Tsubokawa more easily tha
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848 George Wypych methyl amyl keton
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850 George Wypych Peel strength, N/
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852 George Wypych 8 P Enenkel, H Ba
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854 George Wypych Table 14.2.2. Tot
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856 M Matsumoto, S Isken, JAMdeBont
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866 Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart
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872 Tsuneo Yamane 14.4.3 CHOICE OF
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874 Tsuneo Yamane Very trace amount
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876 Tsuneo Yamane It has been shown
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878 Tsuneo Yamane [ ( kcat Km) ( kc
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880 George Wypych 11 A. Zaks, in En
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882 George Wypych rected towards im
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884 Kaspar D. Hasenclever than 55°
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886 Kaspar D. Hasenclever The same
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888 Kaspar D. Hasenclever Figure 14
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890 Kaspar D. Hasenclever Computer
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892 Kaspar D. Hasenclever • Solve
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894 Martin Hanek, Norbert Löw, And
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920 George Wypych 20 N. L�w, EPP
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922 George Wypych Table 14.9.2. Rep
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924 Phillip J. Wakelyn, Peter J. Wa
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950 George Wypych 14.11 GROUND TRAN
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952 George Wypych Figure 14.13.1. S
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956 George Wypych more to show that
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958 George Wypych Table 14.16.1. Re
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970 David Randall 14.19.2.2 Water b
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972 David Randall Hydrophobic subst
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974 David Randall 50-60% glutaric,
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976 George Wypych Figure 14.20.1. D
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978 Michel Bauer, Christine Barthé
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998 An Li This discussion is intend
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1000 An Li Trade Name Cosolvent vol
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1002 An Li Figure 14.21.2.1. Effect
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1004 An Li partial derivative ∂(l
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1006 An Li Equation [14.21.2.8] can
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1008 An Li Figure 14.21.2.2a. Devia
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1010 An Li Figure 14.21.2.2c. Devia
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1012 An Li f 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.
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1014 An Li estimated from the log K
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1016 George Wypych 72 K. Brololm, a
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1018 George Wypych Figure 14.22.2.
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1020 George Wypych New technology i
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1022 George Wypych Table 14.23.1. R
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1026 Mohamed Serageldin, Dave Reeve
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1050 George Wypych Table 14.32.5. T
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1052 George Wypych The traditional
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1054 George Wypych The acidity of b
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1056 George Wypych except water whi
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1058 George Wypych solution is 2.73
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1060 George Wypych presence of igni
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1062 George Wypych method of determ
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1064 George Wypych used. A thermal
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1066 George Wypych 15.1.26 REFRACTI
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1068 George Wypych Table 15.1.1. Ty
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1070 George Wypych Wexcluded solven
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1072 George Wypych 25 ASTM D 2108-9
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1074 George Wypych 68 ASTM D 3844-9
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1076 George Wypych BS 506-2.84. Met
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1078 Myrto Petreas 15.2 SPECIAL MET
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1080 Myrto Petreas In short, biolog
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1082 Myrto Petreas cients of some i
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1084 Myrto Petreas lection at the a
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1086 Myrto Petreas and legal reperc
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1088 Myrto Petreas • The solvent
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1090 Myrto Petreas of time after ex
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1092 Myrto Petreas even after log-l
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1094 Myrto Petreas 26 M Petreas, J
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1096 James L. Botsford In Europe ma
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1098 James L. Botsford Figure 15.2.
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1100 James L. Botsford cussed. Neit
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1102 James L. Botsford n Ave. Var.
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1104 James L. Botsford (Calleja et
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1106 James L. Botsford Table 15.2.2
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1108 James L. Botsford the test is
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1110 James L. Botsford Table 15.2.2
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1112 James L. Botsford Geiger, D. L
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1114 Christine Barthélémy, Michel
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1126 George Wypych n-heptane molecu
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1128 George Wypych MEK P PA Fat-fre
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1130 Michel Bauer, Christine Barth
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17 Environmental Impact of Solvents
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17.1 The environmental fate and mov
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17.2 Fate-based management 1163 dat
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17.2 Fate-based management 1165 bre
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17.2 Fate-based management 1167 gra
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17.3 Environmental fate of glycol e
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17.4 Organic solvent impacts on tro
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18 Concentration of Solvents in Var
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18.1 Measurement and estimation of
Page 1231 and 1232:
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18.2 Prediction of organic solvents
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18.3 Indoor air pollution by solven
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18.4 Solvent uses with exposure ris
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1268 Carlos M. Nu�ez ter or habit
Page 1295 and 1296:
1270 Carlos M. Nu�ez CAS No. Chem
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Page 1307 and 1308:
1282 Carlos M. Nu�ez tronic circu
Page 1309 and 1310:
1284 Carlos M. Nu�ez EPA Region 6
Page 1311 and 1312:
1286 Carlos M. Nu�ez i.e., entire
Page 1313 and 1314:
1288 Carlos M. Nu�ez Table 19.6.
Page 1315 and 1316:
1290 Carlos M. Nu�ez Schedule Sou
Page 1317 and 1318:
1292 Carlos M. Nu�ez The CAA prov
Page 1319 and 1320:
1294 Carlos M. Nu�ez CWA to estab
Page 1321 and 1322:
1296 Carlos M. Nu�ez amended to i
Page 1323 and 1324:
1298 Carlos M. Nu�ez Figure 19.5.
Page 1325 and 1326:
1300 Carlos M. Nu�ez environmenta
Page 1327 and 1328:
1302 Carlos M. Nu�ez For comparis
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1304 Carlos M. Nu�ez tives. Four
Page 1331 and 1332:
1306 Carlos M. Nu�ez • Program
Page 1333 and 1334:
1308 Carlos M. Nu�ez 31 Federal R
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1310 Carlos M. Nu�ez HSWA Hazardo
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Page 1339 and 1340:
20 Toxic Effects of Solvent Exposur
Page 1341 and 1342:
20.1 Toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics
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Page 1347 and 1348:
Page 1349 and 1350:
Page 1351 and 1352:
20.2 Cognitive and psychosocial out
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Page 1357 and 1358:
20.3 Pregnancy outcome following so
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20.4 Industrial solvents and kidney
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Page 1387 and 1388:
20.5 Lymphohematopoietic study of w
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Page 1397 and 1398:
Page 1399 and 1400:
20.6 Chromosomal aberrations 1375 2
Page 1401 and 1402:
20.6 Chromosomal aberrations 1377 p
Page 1403 and 1404:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1379 8 Mitelman
Page 1405 and 1406:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1381 to convert
Page 1407 and 1408:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1383 Table 20.7
Page 1409 and 1410:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1385 toxicity o
Page 1411 and 1412:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1387 early pote
Page 1413 and 1414:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1389 vents. It
Page 1415 and 1416:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1391 19 Slater
Page 1417 and 1418:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1393 20
Page 1419 and 1420:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1395 Cu
Page 1421 and 1422:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1397 th
Page 1423 and 1424:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1399 cu
Page 1425 and 1426:
Page 1427 and 1428:
Page 1429 and 1430:
20.9 Toxicity of environmental solv
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Page 1433 and 1434:
Page 1435 and 1436:
Page 1437 and 1438:
Page 1439 and 1440:
Page 1441 and 1442:
Page 1443 and 1444:
21 Substitution of Solvents by Safe
Page 1445 and 1446:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1421 So
Page 1447 and 1448:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1423 Fi
Page 1449 and 1450:
Page 1451 and 1452:
Page 1453 and 1454:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1429 K
Page 1455 and 1456:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1431 ai
Page 1457 and 1458:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1433 Th
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21.1 Supercritical solvents 1435 wh
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21.1 Supercritical solvents 1437 *
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21.1 Supercritical solvents 1439 In
Page 1465 and 1466:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1441 21
Page 1467 and 1468:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1443 Ta
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21.1 Supercritical solvents 1445 Re
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21.1 Supercritical solvents 1447 Re
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21.1 Supercritical solvents 1449 ta
Page 1475 and 1476:
Page 1477 and 1478:
Page 1479 and 1480:
Page 1481 and 1482:
Page 1483 and 1484:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1459 85 M. Polia
Page 1485 and 1486:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1461 be used. Th
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21.2 Ionic liquids 1463 Figure 21.2
Page 1489 and 1490:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1465 Table 21.2.
Page 1491 and 1492:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1467 been utiliz
Page 1493 and 1494:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1469 One specifi
Page 1495 and 1496:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1471 lustrates t
Page 1497 and 1498:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1473 these alloy
Page 1499 and 1500:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1475 ( ) ln = K
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21.2 Ionic liquids 1477 According t
Page 1503 and 1504:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1479 Acidic melt
Page 1505 and 1506:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1481 21 C.L. Hus
Page 1507 and 1508:
21.2 Ionic liquids 1483 110 G.P. Li
Page 1509 and 1510:
21.3 Oxide solubilities in ionic me
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Page 1513 and 1514:
Page 1515 and 1516:
Page 1517 and 1518:
Page 1519 and 1520:
Page 1521 and 1522:
21.4 Alternative cleaning technolog
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Page 1527 and 1528:
Page 1529 and 1530:
Page 1531 and 1532:
1508 Klaus-Dirk Henning Application
Page 1533 and 1534:
1510 Klaus-Dirk Henning 22.1.2.2 Ad
Page 1535 and 1536:
1512 Klaus-Dirk Henning point the a
Page 1537 and 1538:
1514 Klaus-Dirk Henning Figure 22.1
Page 1539 and 1540:
Page 1541 and 1542:
1518 Klaus-Dirk Henning Table 22.1.
Page 1543 and 1544:
Page 1545 and 1546:
1522 Klaus-Dirk Henning Regeneratio
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1524 Klaus-Dirk Henning • activit
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1526 Klaus-Dirk Henning adsorption
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Page 1557 and 1558:
1534 Klaus-Dirk Henning vent conden
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1542 Klaus-Dirk Henning 12 H. Krill
Page 1567 and 1568:
1544 Isao Kimura Table 22.2.1. Appl
Page 1569 and 1570:
1546 Isao Kimura Table 22.2.2. Typi
Page 1571 and 1572:
1548 Isao Kimura 22.2.4 SOLVENT REC
Page 1573 and 1574:
1550 Isao Kimura Figure 22.2.9. Flo
Page 1575 and 1576:
1552 Isao Kimura • Difficult in d
Page 1577 and 1578:
1554 Isao Kimura Figure 22.2.12. Fl
Page 1579 and 1580:
1556 Denis Kargol Figure 22.3.1. So
Page 1581 and 1582:
1558 Denis Kargol Figure 22.3.4. AS
Page 1583 and 1584:
1560 K. A. Magrini, et al. and Olli
Page 1585 and 1586:
1562 K. A. Magrini, et al. ysis of
Page 1587 and 1588:
1564 K. A. Magrini, et al. Figure 2
Page 1589 and 1590:
1566 K. A. Magrini, et al. On the l
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1568 K. A. Magrini, et al. ating te
Page 1593 and 1594:
1570 K. A. Magrini, et al. Cummings
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1572 Hanadi S. Rifai, Charles J. Ne
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1618 Barry J. Spargo, James G. Muel
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1632 George Wypych number of 1 or e
Page 1657 and 1658:
1634 George Wypych In addition to t
Page 1659 and 1660:
1636 George Wypych d diameter of gr
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1638 George Wypych wax-containing c
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1640 George Wypych product of inven
Page 1665 and 1666:
1642 George Wypych selection of sol
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1644 George Wypych fining processes
Page 1669 and 1670:
1646 George Wypych requires several
Page 1671 and 1672:
1648 George Wypych crease color str
Page 1673 and 1674:
1650 George Wypych tion. The patent
Page 1675 and 1676:
1652 George Wypych 75 M Solinas, T
Page 1677 and 1678:
1658 Index anhydrous form 282 anili
Page 1679 and 1680:
1660 Index 1-chlorooctane 826 chlor
Page 1681 and 1682:
1662 Index term 750 dipole moment 1
Page 1683 and 1684:
1664 Index Friedel-Crafts alkylatio
Page 1685 and 1686:
1666 Index method 245 laser 689 lat
Page 1687 and 1688:
1668 Index O octane 127,185 1-octan
Page 1689 and 1690:
1670 Index Prandtl number 392 Praus
Page 1691 and 1692:
1672 Index function 137 preferentia
Page 1693 and 1694:
1674 Index change 350 time scale 33
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Handbook of Solvents - George Wypych - ChemTech - Ventech!

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