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1480 D.W. Rooney, K.R. Seddon Cation Anion ρ, gcm -3 at 25 o C 1-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium Triflate (CF 3SO 3) 1.27 161 Mesylate (CH 3SO 3) 1.14 161 1-dodecyl-3-ethylimidazolium Triflate (CF 3SO 3) 1.10 161 Trimethylsulfonium Cl/AlCl 3 (ratio 2) 1.40 163 Br/AlCl 3 (ratio 2) 1.59 163 Br/AlBr 3(ratio 2) 2.40 163 21.2.6 SUMMARY In summary ionic liquids have a proven ability to enhance current industrial chemistry. Within current industrial processes using conventional solvents, selectivities, TOF and reaction rates are effectively uncontrolled: however by using ionic liquid media for the catalysis, it is possible to have a profound influence on all these factors. Tailoring of the ionic liquid by a combination of subtle (i.e., changing cation substitution patterns) and gross (anion type) modifications can permit very precise tuning of reactions. Ionic liquids have a proven ability to be used as effective solvents and catalysts for clean chemical reactions; as replacements for volatile organic and dipolar aprotic solvents (i.e. DMF, DMSO) and solid acid catalysts in reactions whether being used at the laboratory or industrial scale. Many of their physical properties are in the same region as organic solvents and as such could easily be incorporated into any future processes. Properties such as negligible vapor pressure and high density/variable interfacial tension offer considerable advantages in the design of unit operations such as evaporators, mixer-settlers and reactors. It is envisaged that as more information is gathered on their physical properties it will be possible to accurately design and optimize entire plants around these novel solvent systems. In a time where considerable emphasis is being placed on clean reactions and processes with minimal waste and efficient product extraction ionic liquids have emerged as a novel and exciting alternative to modern production methods. They are truly designer solvents. REFERENCES 1 W. Pitner, D. Rooney, K. Seddon, R. Thied, World Patent, WO9941752. 2 W. Pitner, M. Fields, D. Rooney, K. Seddon, R. Thied, World Patent, WO9914160. 3 P. Davey, M. Earle, C. Newman, K. Seddon, World Patent, WO9919288. 4 C. Lok, M. Earle, J. Hamill, G. Roberts, C. Adams, K. Seddon, World Patent, WO9807680. 5 C. Greco, F. Sherif, L. Shyu, U.S. Patent, US5824832. 6 W. Keim, P. Wasserscheid, World Patent, WO9847616. 7 O. Hodgson, M. Morgan, B. Ellis, A. Abdul-Sada, M. Atkins, K. Seddon, U.S. Patent, US5994602. 8 S. Takahashi, N. Koura, S. Kohara, M.L. Saboungi, L.A. Curtis, Plasmas and ions, 2, (1999). 9 A.Carmichael, M. Earle, J. Holbrey, P. McCormac, K. Seddon, Organic letters, 1, 7, 997-1000, (1999). 10 C. DeBellefon, E. Pollet, P. Grenouillet, J. Mol. Cat. A-Chemical, 145, (1999). 11 W. Chen, L. Xu, C. Chatterton, J. Xiao, Chem, Com., 13, (1999). 12 L. Simon, J. Dupont, R. deSouza, Applied Catalysis A-General, 175, (1998). 13 S. Silva, P. Suarez, R. deSouza, J. Dupont. Polymer Bulletin, 40, 4-5, (1998). 14 Y. Chauvin, H. Olivier, C.N. Wyrvalski, L.C. Simon, R.F. De Souza, J. Catalysis, 165, 2, (1997). 15 Y. Chauvin. and H. Olivier-Bourbigou, Chemtech, 25, (1995). 16 Y. Chauvin, Actualite Chimique, (1996). 17 M. Freemantle, Chem. Eng. News, 76, (30th March 1998). 18 M. Freemantle, Chem. Eng. News, 76, (24th August 1998). 19 M. Freemantle, Chem. Eng. News, 77, (4th January 1999). 20 C.L. Hussey, Adv. Molten Salt Chem., 5, (1983).
21.2 Ionic liquids 1481 21 C.L. Hussey, Pure Appl. Chem., 60, 1, (1988). 22 K.R. Seddon, Kinetics and Catalysis, 37, 693, (1996). 23 K.R. Seddon, J. Chemical Tech. Biotech., 68, (1997). 24 K.R. Seddon, Molten Salt Forum: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology, (1998). 25 J. D. Holbury and K.R. Seddon, Clean products and processes, 1, (1999) 26 C.L. Huheey, Inorganic chemistry, Principles of structure and reactivity, Harper and Row, (1972) 27 CRC handbook, 53rd ed, CRC Press, (1972). 28 A.F. Kapustinskii, Z. Physik. Chem. (Leipzig), B22, 257, (1933). 29 J. Emsley, The Elements, Oxford, (1989). 30 K.B. Yatsimirskii, Izvest, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otdel, Khim. Nauk., 453, (1947). 31 R.D. Shannon, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Crystallogr., 32, 751 (1976). 32 A. B. McEwen, H. L. Ngo, K. LeCompte, J. L. Goldman, J. Elect. Chem. Soc., 146, 5, (1999). 33 T.C. Waddington, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 1, (1959). 34 P. Walden, Bull. Acad. Imper. Sci. (St. Petersburg), 1800, (1914). 35 A. Fannin, D. Floreani, L. King, J. Landers, B. Piersma, D. Stech, R. Vaughn, J. Wilkes, J. Williams, J. Phys. Chem, 88, (1984). 36 A.Elaiwi, P. Hitchcock, K. Seddon, N. Srinivasan, Y. Tan, T. Welton and J. Zora, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans, 3467, (1995). 37 B. Chan, N. Chang and M. Grimmel, Aust. J. Chem., 30, (1977). 38 A. McEwen, H. Ngo, K. LeCompte, J. Goldman, J. Electrochem. Soc, 146, 5, (1999). 39 J. Wilkes and M. Zaworotko, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Com., 965, (1992). 40 S. Wicelinski, R. Gale, Themochemica Acta, 126, (1988). 41 S. Tait and R. Osteryoung, Inorg, Chem., 23, (1984). 42 A. Abdul-Sala, A. greenway, P. Hitchcock, T. Mohammed, K. Seddon and J. Zora, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1753, (1986) . 43 K. Dieter, C. Dymek, N. Heimer, J. Rovang, Jwilkes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 10, 2711, (1988). 44 T. Bradley, PhD thesis, Queens University of Belfast, Unpublished results, (2000). 45 C.J. Bowlas, D.W. Bruce and K.R. Seddon, K.R, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., (1996). 46 C.M. Gordon, J.D. Holbrey, A. Kennedy and K.R. Seddon, J. Mater. Chem., 8, (1998). 47 J.D. Holbrey and K.R. Seddon, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., (1999). 48 V. Posypaiko, E. Alekseeva, Phase Equilibria in binary halides, IFI/Plenum, (1987). 49 F. Hurley, T. Weir, J. Electrochem. Soc., 98, 203, (1951). 50 K. Seddon, in The International George Papatheodorou Symposium: Proceedings, Eds. S. Boghosian, V. Dracopoulos, C.G. Kontoyannis and G.A. Voyiatzis, (1999). 51 R.A. Osteryoung, in Molten Salt Chemistry: An Introduction and Selected Applications (Eds. Mamantov, G. and Marassi, R.), NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 202, 329, (1987). 52 D. Commereuc., Y. Chauvin, G. Leger, and J. Gaillard, Revue de L’Institut Francais du Petrole, 37, 639, (1982). 53 Y. Chauvin, D. Commereuc, A. Hirschauer, F. Hugues, and L. Saussine, French Patent, FR 2,611,700. 54 Y. Chauvin, F. DiMarco, H.Olivier, and B. Gilbert, Ninth International Symposium on Molten Salts, C.L. Hussey, D.S. Newman, G. Mamantov and Y. Ito (Eds.), The Electrochemical Society, Inc., San Francisco, California. USA, 617, (1994). 55 Y. Chauvin, S. Einloft and H. Olivier, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 34, 1149, (1995). 56 Y. Chauvin, B. Gilbert and I. Guibard, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1715, (1990). 57 Y. Chauvin, B. Gilbert and I. Guibard, in Seventh International Symposium on Molten Salts, C.L. Hussey, S.N. Flengas, J.S. Wilkes and Y. Ito (Eds.), The Electrochemical Society, Montreal, Canada, 822, (1990). 58 Y. Chauvin, H. Olivier, C.N. Wyrvalski, L.C. Simon, R. De Souza and J. Dupont, J. Catal., 165, 275, (1997). 59 S. Einloft, F.K. Dietrich, R.F. de Souza and J. Dupont, Polyhedron, 15, 3257, (1996). 60 H. Olivier, Y. Chauvin, and A. Hirschauer, Abst. Papers Am. Chem. Soc., 203, 75, (1992). 61 A.K.Abdul-Sada, P.W.Ambler, P.K.G.Hodgson, K.R.Seddon, N.J.Steward, World Patent, WO 9521871. 62 P.W. Ambler, P.K.G. Hodgson and N.J. Stewart, Butene Polymers, European Patent Application, EP/0558187A0558181, (1996). 63 K. Weissermel, and H.J. Arpe, Industrial Organic Chemistry, VCH, Weinheim, 3rd edition, (1997). 64 R.T. Carlin and J.S. Wilkes, J. Mol. Catal., 63, 125, (1990). 65 L.M. Skrzynecki-Cooke and S.W. Lander,. Abst. Papers Am. Chem. Soc., 193, 72, (1987).
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HANDBOOK OF SOLVENTS George Wypych,
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Preface Although the chemical indus
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Preface xxix contain or to have use
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1654 Acknowledgments 10.3 Solvent e
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Table of Contents Preface .........
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Table of contents iii 4.3 Polar sol
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Table of contents v 7.2.1.1 Rheolog
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Table of contents vii 9.4.4 Solvent
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Table of contents ix 12.2.2.1 Chemi
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Table of contents xi 14.4.3.1 Intro
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Table of contents xiii 14.19 Paints
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Table of contents xv 15.1.20 Gas ch
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Table of contents xvii 17.2.2 Movem
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Table of contents xix 18.4.7 Dry cl
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Table of contents xxi 20.7.1 Introd
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Table of contents xxiii 21.4.1.3 Pr
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Table of contents xxv 23.2.1.3 Sour
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2 Christian Reichardt aliphatic nit
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4 Christian Reichardt the knowledge
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2 Fundamental Principles Governing
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2.1 Solvent effects on chemical sys
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2.2 Molecular design of solvents 37
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2.3 Basic physical and chemical pro
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66 George Wypych Aprotic/Protic Ter
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68 George Wypych Biodegradability T
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70 George Wypych Figure 3.2.1. Sche
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72 George Wypych Figure 3.3.4. Simp
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74 George Wypych Synthetic routes a
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76 George Wypych Property minimum V
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96 Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart,
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General Principles Governing Dissol
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4.1 Simple solvent characteristics
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4.2 Effect of system variables on s
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 133 tr
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 135 Fo
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 137 at
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 139 li
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 141 Fi
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 143 Fi
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4.3 Polar solvation dynamics 145 ta
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4.4 Measurement of solvent activity
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Solubility of Selected Systems and
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5.1 Solubility parameters 245 ln P
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5.1 Solubility parameters 247 Accep
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5.1 Solubility parameters 249 media
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5.1 Solubility parameters 251 Polym
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5.2 Prediction of solubility parame
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5.3 Methods of calculation of solub
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5.4 Mixed solvents - polymer solubi
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5.5 The phenomenological theory of
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306 E. Ya. Denisyuk, V. V. Tereshat
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318 V V Tereshatov, V Yu. Senichev,
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328 Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Y
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340 George Wypych where: τM the mo
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342 George Wypych ξ 0.55 0.5 0.45
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344 George Wypych Self-diffusion co
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346 George Wypych Temperature, K 31
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348 George Wypych Diffusion distanc
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350 George Wypych • evaporation-i
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352 George Wypych Water volume frac
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354 George Wypych Diffusion coeffic
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356 Semyon Levitsky, Zinoviy Shulma
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386 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun 7.3
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388 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun rat
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390 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun The
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392 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun whe
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394 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun beg
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396 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun 7.3
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398 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun Fig
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404 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun sol
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406 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun Tab
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408 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun and
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410 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun to
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412 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun The
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414 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun cau
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416 Seung Su Kim, Jae Chun Hyun Nu
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Interactions in Solvents and Soluti
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8.2 Basic simplifications of quantu
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8.2 Basic simplifications of quantu
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8.4 Two-body interaction energy 425
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8.5 Three- and many-body interactio
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8.6 The variety of interaction pote
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8.6 The variety of interaction pote
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8.7 Theoretical and computing model
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8.8 Practical applications of model
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8.9 Liquid surfaces 493 to study th
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8.9 Liquid surfaces 495 The potenti
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8.9 Liquid surfaces 497 out of equi
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8.9 Liquid surfaces 499 tions) of t
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8 Interactions in solvents and solu
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8 Interactions in solvents and solu
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9 Mixed Solvents Y. Y. Fialkov, V.
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9.2 Chemical interaction between co
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9.2 Chemical interaction between co
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9.3 Physical properties of mixed so
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9.4 Mixed solvent influence on the
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9.5 The mixed solvent effect on the
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9 Mixed solvents 563 22 Minkin V.,
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10 Acid-base Interactions 10.1 GENE
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10.1 General concept of acid-base i
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10.1 General concept of acid-base i
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10.2 Effect of polymer/solvent acid
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10.3 Solvent effects based on pure
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10.4 Acid-base equilibria in ionic
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11 Electronic and Electrical Effect
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11.1 Theoretical treatment of solve
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11.2 Dielectric solvent effects 681
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12 Other Properties of Solvents, So
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12.1 Rheological properties, aggreg
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12.2 Chain conformations of polysac
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738 Roland Schmid Figure 13.1.1. Re
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740 Roland Schmid HB interactions,
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742 Roland Schmid AN = -133.8 - 0.0
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744 Roland Schmid ated by the macro
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746 Roland Schmid turns out, polar
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748 Roland Schmid Packing density
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750 Roland Schmid tween calculated
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752 Roland Schmid over the solute-s
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754 Roland Schmid of the empirical
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756 Roland Schmid From X-ray and ne
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758 Roland Schmid Table 13.1.5. Sol
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760 Roland Schmid ΔG = ΔG + ΔG [
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762 Roland Schmid very recent paper
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764 Roland Schmid Solvent ΔvH/RT
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766 Roland Schmid E r = E i + E s [
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768 Roland Schmid from the explicit
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770 Roland Schmid sequently, there
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772 Roland Schmid simulations. 188-
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774 Roland Schmid 23 N. A. Lewis, Y
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776 Roland Schmid 132 R. R. Dogonad
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778 Michelle L. Coote and Thomas P.
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798 Maw-Ling Wang 13.3 EFFECTS OF O
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800 Maw-Ling Wang [13.3.2] Inverse
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802 Maw-Ling Wang Both cation and a
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804 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.2. Eff
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806 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.3. Ext
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808 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.5. Eff
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810 Maw-Ling Wang reacts with pheno
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812 Maw-Ling Wang Figure 13.3.3. Ef
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814 Maw-Ling Wang the organic solve
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816 Maw-Ling Wang crease. Therefore
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818 Maw-Ling Wang (F) Polymerizatio
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820 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.16. Sy
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822 Maw-Ling Wang 13.3.1.4 Effect o
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824 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.19 Eff
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826 Maw-Ling Wang quaternary salt c
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828 Maw-Ling Wang Table 13.3.24. Ef
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830 Maw-Ling Wang Solvent Dielectri
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832 Maw-Ling Wang ied. 82,83,97,101
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834 Maw-Ling Wang substitution, suc
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836 Maw-Ling Wang (2) the ion excha
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838 Maw-Ling Wang REFERENCES 1 A. A
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840 Maw-Ling Wang 101 D. C. Sherrin
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842 Norio Tsubokawa [13.4.2] PAI is
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844 Norio Tsubokawa Table 13.4.2. I
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846 Norio Tsubokawa more easily tha
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848 George Wypych methyl amyl keton
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850 George Wypych Peel strength, N/
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852 George Wypych 8 P Enenkel, H Ba
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854 George Wypych Table 14.2.2. Tot
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856 M Matsumoto, S Isken, JAMdeBont
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866 Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart
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Page 897 and 898:
Page 899 and 900:
872 Tsuneo Yamane 14.4.3 CHOICE OF
Page 901 and 902:
874 Tsuneo Yamane Very trace amount
Page 903 and 904:
876 Tsuneo Yamane It has been shown
Page 905 and 906:
878 Tsuneo Yamane [ ( kcat Km) ( kc
Page 907 and 908:
880 George Wypych 11 A. Zaks, in En
Page 909 and 910:
882 George Wypych rected towards im
Page 911 and 912:
884 Kaspar D. Hasenclever than 55°
Page 913 and 914:
886 Kaspar D. Hasenclever The same
Page 915 and 916:
888 Kaspar D. Hasenclever Figure 14
Page 917 and 918:
890 Kaspar D. Hasenclever Computer
Page 919 and 920:
892 Kaspar D. Hasenclever • Solve
Page 921 and 922:
894 Martin Hanek, Norbert Löw, And
Page 923 and 924:
Page 925 and 926:
Page 927 and 928:
Page 929 and 930:
Page 931 and 932:
Page 933 and 934:
Page 935 and 936:
Page 937 and 938:
Page 939 and 940:
Page 941 and 942:
Page 943 and 944:
Page 945 and 946:
Page 947 and 948:
920 George Wypych 20 N. L�w, EPP
Page 949 and 950:
922 George Wypych Table 14.9.2. Rep
Page 951 and 952:
924 Phillip J. Wakelyn, Peter J. Wa
Page 953 and 954:
Page 955 and 956:
Page 957 and 958:
Page 959 and 960:
Page 961 and 962:
Page 963 and 964:
Page 965 and 966:
Page 967 and 968:
Page 969 and 970:
Page 971 and 972:
Page 973 and 974:
Page 975 and 976:
Page 977 and 978:
950 George Wypych 14.11 GROUND TRAN
Page 979 and 980:
952 George Wypych Figure 14.13.1. S
Page 981 and 982:
Page 983 and 984:
956 George Wypych more to show that
Page 985 and 986:
958 George Wypych Table 14.16.1. Re
Page 987 and 988:
Page 989 and 990:
Page 991 and 992:
Page 993 and 994:
Page 995 and 996:
Page 997 and 998:
970 David Randall 14.19.2.2 Water b
Page 999 and 1000:
972 David Randall Hydrophobic subst
Page 1001 and 1002:
974 David Randall 50-60% glutaric,
Page 1003 and 1004:
976 George Wypych Figure 14.20.1. D
Page 1005 and 1006:
978 Michel Bauer, Christine Barthé
Page 1007 and 1008:
Page 1009 and 1010:
Page 1011 and 1012:
Page 1013 and 1014:
Page 1015 and 1016:
Page 1017 and 1018:
Page 1019 and 1020:
Page 1021 and 1022:
Page 1023 and 1024:
Page 1025 and 1026:
998 An Li This discussion is intend
Page 1027 and 1028:
1000 An Li Trade Name Cosolvent vol
Page 1029 and 1030:
1002 An Li Figure 14.21.2.1. Effect
Page 1031 and 1032:
1004 An Li partial derivative ∂(l
Page 1033 and 1034:
1006 An Li Equation [14.21.2.8] can
Page 1035 and 1036:
1008 An Li Figure 14.21.2.2a. Devia
Page 1037 and 1038:
1010 An Li Figure 14.21.2.2c. Devia
Page 1039 and 1040:
1012 An Li f 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.
Page 1041 and 1042:
1014 An Li estimated from the log K
Page 1043 and 1044:
1016 George Wypych 72 K. Brololm, a
Page 1045 and 1046:
1018 George Wypych Figure 14.22.2.
Page 1047 and 1048:
1020 George Wypych New technology i
Page 1049 and 1050:
1022 George Wypych Table 14.23.1. R
Page 1051 and 1052:
Page 1053 and 1054:
1026 Mohamed Serageldin, Dave Reeve
Page 1055 and 1056:
Page 1057 and 1058:
Page 1059 and 1060:
Page 1061 and 1062:
Page 1063 and 1064:
Page 1065 and 1066:
Page 1067 and 1068:
Page 1069 and 1070:
Page 1071 and 1072:
Page 1073 and 1074:
Page 1075 and 1076:
Page 1077 and 1078:
1050 George Wypych Table 14.32.5. T
Page 1079 and 1080:
1052 George Wypych The traditional
Page 1081 and 1082:
1054 George Wypych The acidity of b
Page 1083 and 1084:
1056 George Wypych except water whi
Page 1085 and 1086:
1058 George Wypych solution is 2.73
Page 1087 and 1088:
1060 George Wypych presence of igni
Page 1089 and 1090:
1062 George Wypych method of determ
Page 1091 and 1092:
1064 George Wypych used. A thermal
Page 1093 and 1094:
1066 George Wypych 15.1.26 REFRACTI
Page 1095 and 1096:
1068 George Wypych Table 15.1.1. Ty
Page 1097 and 1098:
1070 George Wypych Wexcluded solven
Page 1099 and 1100:
1072 George Wypych 25 ASTM D 2108-9
Page 1101 and 1102:
1074 George Wypych 68 ASTM D 3844-9
Page 1103 and 1104:
1076 George Wypych BS 506-2.84. Met
Page 1105 and 1106:
1078 Myrto Petreas 15.2 SPECIAL MET
Page 1107 and 1108:
1080 Myrto Petreas In short, biolog
Page 1109 and 1110:
1082 Myrto Petreas cients of some i
Page 1111 and 1112:
1084 Myrto Petreas lection at the a
Page 1113 and 1114:
1086 Myrto Petreas and legal reperc
Page 1115 and 1116:
1088 Myrto Petreas • The solvent
Page 1117 and 1118:
1090 Myrto Petreas of time after ex
Page 1119 and 1120:
1092 Myrto Petreas even after log-l
Page 1121 and 1122:
1094 Myrto Petreas 26 M Petreas, J
Page 1123 and 1124:
1096 James L. Botsford In Europe ma
Page 1125 and 1126:
1098 James L. Botsford Figure 15.2.
Page 1127 and 1128:
1100 James L. Botsford cussed. Neit
Page 1129 and 1130:
1102 James L. Botsford n Ave. Var.
Page 1131 and 1132:
1104 James L. Botsford (Calleja et
Page 1133 and 1134:
1106 James L. Botsford Table 15.2.2
Page 1135 and 1136:
1108 James L. Botsford the test is
Page 1137 and 1138:
1110 James L. Botsford Table 15.2.2
Page 1139 and 1140:
1112 James L. Botsford Geiger, D. L
Page 1141 and 1142:
1114 Christine Barthélémy, Michel
Page 1143 and 1144:
Page 1145 and 1146:
Page 1147 and 1148:
Page 1149 and 1150:
Page 1151 and 1152:
Page 1153 and 1154:
1126 George Wypych n-heptane molecu
Page 1155 and 1156:
1128 George Wypych MEK P PA Fat-fre
Page 1157 and 1158:
1130 Michel Bauer, Christine Barth
Page 1159 and 1160:
Page 1161 and 1162:
Page 1163 and 1164:
Page 1165 and 1166:
Page 1167 and 1168:
Page 1169 and 1170:
Page 1171 and 1172:
Page 1173 and 1174:
Page 1175 and 1176:
17 Environmental Impact of Solvents
Page 1177 and 1178:
17.1 The environmental fate and mov
Page 1179 and 1180:
Page 1181 and 1182:
Page 1183 and 1184:
Page 1185 and 1186:
Page 1187 and 1188:
Page 1189 and 1190:
17.2 Fate-based management 1163 dat
Page 1191 and 1192:
17.2 Fate-based management 1165 bre
Page 1193 and 1194:
17.2 Fate-based management 1167 gra
Page 1195 and 1196:
17.3 Environmental fate of glycol e
Page 1197 and 1198:
Page 1199 and 1200:
Page 1201 and 1202:
Page 1203 and 1204:
Page 1205 and 1206:
Page 1207 and 1208:
Page 1209 and 1210:
Page 1211 and 1212:
Page 1213 and 1214:
Page 1215 and 1216:
17.4 Organic solvent impacts on tro
Page 1217 and 1218:
Page 1219 and 1220:
Page 1221 and 1222:
Page 1223 and 1224:
Page 1225 and 1226:
Page 1227 and 1228:
18 Concentration of Solvents in Var
Page 1229 and 1230:
18.1 Measurement and estimation of
Page 1231 and 1232:
Page 1233 and 1234:
Page 1235 and 1236:
Page 1237 and 1238:
Page 1239 and 1240:
Page 1241 and 1242:
Page 1243 and 1244:
Page 1245 and 1246:
Page 1247 and 1248:
Page 1249 and 1250:
Page 1251 and 1252:
Page 1253 and 1254:
18.2 Prediction of organic solvents
Page 1255 and 1256:
Page 1257 and 1258:
Page 1259 and 1260:
Page 1261 and 1262:
18.3 Indoor air pollution by solven
Page 1263 and 1264:
Page 1265 and 1266:
Page 1267 and 1268:
Page 1269 and 1270:
Page 1271 and 1272:
Page 1273 and 1274:
Page 1275 and 1276:
Page 1277 and 1278:
18.4 Solvent uses with exposure ris
Page 1279 and 1280:
Page 1281 and 1282:
Page 1283 and 1284:
Page 1285 and 1286:
Page 1287 and 1288:
Page 1289 and 1290:
Page 1291 and 1292:
Page 1293 and 1294:
1268 Carlos M. Nu�ez ter or habit
Page 1295 and 1296:
1270 Carlos M. Nu�ez CAS No. Chem
Page 1297 and 1298:
Page 1299 and 1300:
Page 1301 and 1302:
Page 1303 and 1304:
Page 1305 and 1306:
Page 1307 and 1308:
1282 Carlos M. Nu�ez tronic circu
Page 1309 and 1310:
1284 Carlos M. Nu�ez EPA Region 6
Page 1311 and 1312:
1286 Carlos M. Nu�ez i.e., entire
Page 1313 and 1314:
1288 Carlos M. Nu�ez Table 19.6.
Page 1315 and 1316:
1290 Carlos M. Nu�ez Schedule Sou
Page 1317 and 1318:
1292 Carlos M. Nu�ez The CAA prov
Page 1319 and 1320:
1294 Carlos M. Nu�ez CWA to estab
Page 1321 and 1322:
1296 Carlos M. Nu�ez amended to i
Page 1323 and 1324:
1298 Carlos M. Nu�ez Figure 19.5.
Page 1325 and 1326:
1300 Carlos M. Nu�ez environmenta
Page 1327 and 1328:
1302 Carlos M. Nu�ez For comparis
Page 1329 and 1330:
1304 Carlos M. Nu�ez tives. Four
Page 1331 and 1332:
1306 Carlos M. Nu�ez • Program
Page 1333 and 1334:
1308 Carlos M. Nu�ez 31 Federal R
Page 1335 and 1336:
1310 Carlos M. Nu�ez HSWA Hazardo
Page 1337 and 1338:
Page 1339 and 1340:
20 Toxic Effects of Solvent Exposur
Page 1341 and 1342:
20.1 Toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics
Page 1343 and 1344:
Page 1345 and 1346:
Page 1347 and 1348:
Page 1349 and 1350:
Page 1351 and 1352:
20.2 Cognitive and psychosocial out
Page 1353 and 1354:
Page 1355 and 1356:
Page 1357 and 1358:
20.3 Pregnancy outcome following so
Page 1359 and 1360:
Page 1361 and 1362:
Page 1363 and 1364:
Page 1365 and 1366:
Page 1367 and 1368:
Page 1369 and 1370:
Page 1371 and 1372:
Page 1373 and 1374:
Page 1375 and 1376:
Page 1377 and 1378:
Page 1379 and 1380:
20.4 Industrial solvents and kidney
Page 1381 and 1382:
Page 1383 and 1384:
Page 1385 and 1386:
Page 1387 and 1388:
20.5 Lymphohematopoietic study of w
Page 1389 and 1390:
Page 1391 and 1392:
Page 1393 and 1394:
Page 1395 and 1396:
Page 1397 and 1398:
Page 1399 and 1400:
20.6 Chromosomal aberrations 1375 2
Page 1401 and 1402:
20.6 Chromosomal aberrations 1377 p
Page 1403 and 1404:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1379 8 Mitelman
Page 1405 and 1406:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1381 to convert
Page 1407 and 1408:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1383 Table 20.7
Page 1409 and 1410:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1385 toxicity o
Page 1411 and 1412:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1387 early pote
Page 1413 and 1414:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1389 vents. It
Page 1415 and 1416:
20.7 Hepatotoxicity 1391 19 Slater
Page 1417 and 1418:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1393 20
Page 1419 and 1420:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1395 Cu
Page 1421 and 1422:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1397 th
Page 1423 and 1424:
20.8 Solvents and the liver 1399 cu
Page 1425 and 1426:
Page 1427 and 1428:
Page 1429 and 1430:
20.9 Toxicity of environmental solv
Page 1431 and 1432:
Page 1433 and 1434:
Page 1435 and 1436:
Page 1437 and 1438:
Page 1439 and 1440:
Page 1441 and 1442:
Page 1443 and 1444:
21 Substitution of Solvents by Safe
Page 1445 and 1446:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1421 So
Page 1447 and 1448:
21.1 Supercritical solvents 1423 Fi
Page 1449 and 1450:
Page 1451 and 1452:
Page 1453 and 1454: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1429 K
Page 1455 and 1456: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1431 ai
Page 1457 and 1458: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1433 Th
Page 1459 and 1460: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1435 wh
Page 1461 and 1462: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1437 *
Page 1463 and 1464: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1439 In
Page 1465 and 1466: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1441 21
Page 1467 and 1468: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1443 Ta
Page 1469 and 1470: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1445 Re
Page 1471 and 1472: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1447 Re
Page 1473 and 1474: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1449 ta
Page 1477 and 1478: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1453 Fi
Page 1479 and 1480: 21.1 Supercritical solvents 1455 Fi
Page 1483 and 1484: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1459 85 M. Polia
Page 1485 and 1486: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1461 be used. Th
Page 1487 and 1488: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1463 Figure 21.2
Page 1489 and 1490: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1465 Table 21.2.
Page 1491 and 1492: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1467 been utiliz
Page 1493 and 1494: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1469 One specifi
Page 1495 and 1496: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1471 lustrates t
Page 1497 and 1498: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1473 these alloy
Page 1499 and 1500: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1475 ( ) ln = K
Page 1501 and 1502: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1477 According t
Page 1503: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1479 Acidic melt
Page 1507 and 1508: 21.2 Ionic liquids 1483 110 G.P. Li
Page 1509 and 1510: 21.3 Oxide solubilities in ionic me
Page 1521 and 1522: 21.4 Alternative cleaning technolog
Page 1531 and 1532: 1508 Klaus-Dirk Henning Application
Page 1533 and 1534: 1510 Klaus-Dirk Henning 22.1.2.2 Ad
Page 1535 and 1536: 1512 Klaus-Dirk Henning point the a
Page 1537 and 1538: 1514 Klaus-Dirk Henning Figure 22.1
Page 1541 and 1542: 1518 Klaus-Dirk Henning Table 22.1.
Page 1545 and 1546: 1522 Klaus-Dirk Henning Regeneratio
Page 1547 and 1548: 1524 Klaus-Dirk Henning • activit
Page 1549 and 1550: 1526 Klaus-Dirk Henning adsorption
Page 1555 and 1556:
1532 Klaus-Dirk Henning Figure 22.1
Page 1557 and 1558:
1534 Klaus-Dirk Henning vent conden
Page 1559 and 1560:
Page 1561 and 1562:
Page 1563 and 1564:
Page 1565 and 1566:
1542 Klaus-Dirk Henning 12 H. Krill
Page 1567 and 1568:
1544 Isao Kimura Table 22.2.1. Appl
Page 1569 and 1570:
1546 Isao Kimura Table 22.2.2. Typi
Page 1571 and 1572:
1548 Isao Kimura 22.2.4 SOLVENT REC
Page 1573 and 1574:
1550 Isao Kimura Figure 22.2.9. Flo
Page 1575 and 1576:
1552 Isao Kimura • Difficult in d
Page 1577 and 1578:
1554 Isao Kimura Figure 22.2.12. Fl
Page 1579 and 1580:
1556 Denis Kargol Figure 22.3.1. So
Page 1581 and 1582:
1558 Denis Kargol Figure 22.3.4. AS
Page 1583 and 1584:
1560 K. A. Magrini, et al. and Olli
Page 1585 and 1586:
1562 K. A. Magrini, et al. ysis of
Page 1587 and 1588:
1564 K. A. Magrini, et al. Figure 2
Page 1589 and 1590:
1566 K. A. Magrini, et al. On the l
Page 1591 and 1592:
1568 K. A. Magrini, et al. ating te
Page 1593 and 1594:
1570 K. A. Magrini, et al. Cummings
Page 1595 and 1596:
1572 Hanadi S. Rifai, Charles J. Ne
Page 1597 and 1598:
Page 1599 and 1600:
Page 1601 and 1602:
Page 1603 and 1604:
Page 1605 and 1606:
Page 1607 and 1608:
Page 1609 and 1610:
Page 1611 and 1612:
Page 1613 and 1614:
Page 1615 and 1616:
Page 1617 and 1618:
Page 1619 and 1620:
Page 1621 and 1622:
Page 1623 and 1624:
Page 1625 and 1626:
Page 1627 and 1628:
Page 1629 and 1630:
Page 1631 and 1632:
Page 1633 and 1634:
Page 1635 and 1636:
Page 1637 and 1638:
Page 1639 and 1640:
Page 1641 and 1642:
1618 Barry J. Spargo, James G. Muel
Page 1643 and 1644:
Page 1645 and 1646:
Page 1647 and 1648:
Page 1649 and 1650:
Page 1651 and 1652:
Page 1653 and 1654:
Page 1655 and 1656:
1632 George Wypych number of 1 or e
Page 1657 and 1658:
1634 George Wypych In addition to t
Page 1659 and 1660:
1636 George Wypych d diameter of gr
Page 1661 and 1662:
1638 George Wypych wax-containing c
Page 1663 and 1664:
1640 George Wypych product of inven
Page 1665 and 1666:
1642 George Wypych selection of sol
Page 1667 and 1668:
1644 George Wypych fining processes
Page 1669 and 1670:
1646 George Wypych requires several
Page 1671 and 1672:
1648 George Wypych crease color str
Page 1673 and 1674:
1650 George Wypych tion. The patent
Page 1675 and 1676:
1652 George Wypych 75 M Solinas, T
Page 1677 and 1678:
1658 Index anhydrous form 282 anili
Page 1679 and 1680:
1660 Index 1-chlorooctane 826 chlor
Page 1681 and 1682:
1662 Index term 750 dipole moment 1
Page 1683 and 1684:
1664 Index Friedel-Crafts alkylatio
Page 1685 and 1686:
1666 Index method 245 laser 689 lat
Page 1687 and 1688:
1668 Index O octane 127,185 1-octan
Page 1689 and 1690:
1670 Index Prandtl number 392 Praus
Page 1691 and 1692:
1672 Index function 137 preferentia
Page 1693 and 1694:
1674 Index change 350 time scale 33
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