LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) - UNEP Chemicals

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OECD SIDS LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) Table 1 summarizes the representative physico-chemical properties of LAS. Pure LAS is a solid at ambient temperatures. The melting point for LAS has been experimentally determined. EPI Suite calculations (dossier 2.1b-e), which are reliable for predicting trends, indicate that the melting point and boiling point increase with increasing alkyl chain length as expected. The boiling point for LAS could not be determined experimentally due to decomposition. EPI Suite calculations indicate that vapour pressure and log Kow also increases with increasing alkyl chain length. Since surfactants such as LAS preferentially partition to the octanol-water interface, it is impossible to accurately measure a log Kow. However, Roberts (1991) found that QSARS developed to calculate log Kow have shown a high correlation to measured acute toxicity data for multiple species and multiple surfactants, including LAS. The most reliable calculated value for C11.6 LAS (log Kow = 3.32) takes into account the various phenyl position isomers of LAS. LAS is water soluble, with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of 0.1 g/L and forms a clear solution in water at concentrations up to 250 g/L. 1.4 Category Justification The LAS molecule contains an aromatic ring sulfonated at the para position and attached to a linear alkyl chain at any position except the terminal carbons. The alkyl carbon chain typically has 10 to 14 carbon atoms and the linearity of the alkyl chains ranges from 87 to 98%. While commercial LAS consists of more than 20 individual components, the ratio of the various homologues and isomers, representing different alkyl chain lengths and aromatic ring positions along the linear alkyl chain, is relatively constant in currently produced products, with the weighted average carbon number of the alkyl chain based on production volume per region between 11.7-11.8. LAS is supported as a category because of the close consistency of the mixtures, their commercial uses, fate, and health and environmental effects. LAS is the primary cleaning agent used in many laundry detergents and cleaners at concentrations up to 25 percent in consumer products, and up to 30 percent in commercial products, with the exception of one reported product at 45% percent in concentrated solid form that is mechanically dispensed into diluted solution for dishwashing. 2 GENERAL INFORMATION ON EXPOSURE 2.1 Production Volumes and Use Pattern LAS is manufactured from linear alkylbenzene (LAB) in self-contained, enclosed systems (see Annex 1 for more information). LAB is produced by reacting paraffins with benzene and a catalyst and isolating the LAB by distillation. The LAB is then sulfonated, which in turn is then neutralized to sodium salts of LAS. Data on LAS production and consumption volumes, uses, releases and potential exposures were collected from published sources and surveys of member companies of the Industry Coalition for the SIDS Assessment of LAS, representing about 75% of the North American production of LAS. Approximately 390,000 metric tons of LAS were consumed in North America (United States and Canada combined) in 2000 (Colin A. Houston, 2002). Production in Europe in 2000 was approximately 400,000 metric tons (as reported in HERA 2004). Production in Japan in 2001, where all of the LAS producers are members of the consortium, was approximately 85,000 metric tons based on the results of the Coalition survey. Global production was 2.6 million metric tons in 1995, the most recent data available (EU Risk Assessment Report for LAB, 1997). UNEP PUBLICATIONS 12
OECD SIDS LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) Based on the results of the survey of consortium members (LAS SIDS Coalition Survey 2002), about 78-97% of the LAS consumption worldwide is in liquid and powder consumer and industrial laundry and fine fabric detergents. Another 2-10% of the LAS produced is used in consumer and industrial dishwashing liquids, with the remainder used in other consumer and industrial cleaners. Following use, the predominant disposal route for these products is via the wastewater. Tables 2 and 3 show the percentage of LAS that occurs in various types of consumer and industrial detergent products. Table 2. Percentage of LAS in Different Types of Consumer Products 1 Consumer Product Type Range of Percent Composition that is LAS North America Europe Japan Laundry Detergents Powders 5-25% 5-25% 5-25% Liquids 1-25% 5-10% 5-25% Tablets 5-25% 10-25% 5-25% Liquid Fine Fabric Detergents - - 1-5% Bleaches - - 0.1-0.5% Pre-Washes - - 5-10% Fabric Conditioners (sheets) 0.1-0.5% - - Dishwashing Detergents (liquids) 5-25% 10-25% 1-5% General Cleaners (dilutable) 1-5% 1-5% - Hard Surface Cleaners 1-5% 0.1-0.5% 0.5-10% Other Cleaners - - 0.1-0.5% Face & Hand Soaps (bar) 1-5% - - 1 LAS SIDS Coalition Survey 2002 Table 3. Percentage of LAS in Different Types of Institutional and Industrial Products 1 Industrial Product Type Range of Percent Composition that is LAS North America Europe Japan Laundry Detergents Powders 5-25% 5-10% 5-10% Liquids - 10-25% - Pre-Washes - 10-25% - Dishwashing Detergents (liquids) General Cleaners 5-10% 25-30% 5-30% Dilutable 1-5% - - Spray 1-5% - - Hard Surface Cleaners - - 1-10% Disinfectants (liquids) 5-10% - - Other Uses 25-30% 2 1 LAS SIDS Coalition Survey 2002 10-25% 10-25% 2 The only exception is a product containing 45% LAS that is a concentrated solid mechanically dispensed into diluted solution for dishwashing. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 13
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LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) - UNEP Chemicals

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