LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) - UNEP Chemicals

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OECD SIDS LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) 2) Sulfophenylcarboxylic acids (SPC5 and SPC11) (formed from successive oxidation of terminal methyl groups on the alkyl chain) Reference: Navas, J.M., Gonzalez-Mazo, E., Wenzel, A., Gomez-Parra, A., and Segner, H. 1999. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and intermediate products from their degradation are not estrogenic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:880-884. Reliability: 2 Valid with restrictions (d) Results: The final predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for C11.6 LAS was 250 µg/L based on a single species PNEC of 320 µg/L and the range of field NOECs of 250-500 µg/L. All data values are expressed as dissolved concentrations. Method: Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) were derived for LAS and three other surfactants using three stages in an aquatic effects assessment. In the Initial stage, assessment factors are applied to available short-term toxicity data. In the Refined stage, statistical extrapolation based on long-term (i.e., chronic) toxicity data are employed. In the Comprehensive stage of effects assessment, a wide variety of laboratory and field model ecosystem studies are incorporated into the analysis. To determine the PNEC for LAS, all data types were compiled and evaluated. Since toxicity is related to carbon chain length, all data were normalized to LAS with a mean carbon chain length of 11.6, the structure typically present in the environment based on the monitoring study described by Matthijs et al. 1999. Remarks: For LAS, the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in the environment are about 50 to 100 times lower than the PNECs. This PNEC determination is part of an extensive monitoring program executed jointly by the Dutch Soap Association (NVZ) and the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM). Reference: van de Plassche, E.J., de Bruijn, J.H.M., Stephenson, R.R., Marshall, S.J., Feijtel, T.C.J., and Belanger, S.E. 1999. Predicted no-effect concentrations and risk characterization of four surfactants: Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylated sulfates, and soap. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:2653-2663. Reliability: 2 Valid with restrictions (e) Results: A realistic worst-case estimation of the LAS concentration in sludgeamended soil is predicted to be 7 mg/kg dry weight, which is compared to the PNEC of 4.6 mg/kg. The LAS concentration will drop to a level below the PNEC within 6 to 24 days after sludge application, depending on the degradation rate of LAS. Methods: LAS can be found in high concentrations in sewage sludge and may enter the soil compartment as a result of sludge application. To evaluate the effects and risk to soil organisms, a probabilistic (log-normal) distribution model was used to predict a no effect concentration (PNEC) for soil fauna, flora, and a combination of these. By extrapolation, the method determines a lower statistical tolerance limit. The preferred inputs to the current model are EC10 data from laboratory studies. By use of the log-normal distribution, a concentration (Kp) is found, for which the EC10 or NOEC values for 95% of all species in the community are greater. The value of Kp is used as the estimate of the PNEC. The soil concentration after sludge application was predicted by a number of scenarios and used as the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in the risk characterization and calculation of risk quotients (RQ = PEC/PNEC). A LAS concentration of 4.6 mg/kg was used as the current best estimate of PNEC in all RQ calculations. The exposure scenarios included three levels of LAS contamination (530, 2,600 and 16,100 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 250
OECD SIDS LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) mg/kg), three half-lives (10, 25 and 40 days) and five different sludge loads (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 t/ha). Remarks: Even in the most extreme scenarios, the level of LAS is expected to be far below the estimated PNEC one year after application. Test Substance: LAS (various, based on each study used) Reference: Jensen, J., Lokke, H., Holmstrup, M., Krogh, P.H., and Elsgaard, L. 2001. Effects and risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in agricultural soil. 5. Probabilistic risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sludge-amended soils. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:1690- 1697. Reliability: 2 Valid with restrictions UNEP PUBLICATIONS 251
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