LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) - UNEP Chemicals

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OECD SIDS LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) Table 10. Acute Aquatic Toxicity Results (lowest value for each taxon) 1 Taxon LC50/EC50/IC50 (mg/L) Reference Fish (Lepomis macrochirus), LC50 (dossier, section 4.1a) [96 hr. exposure] Daphnia magna, EC50 (dossier, section 4.2Aa) [48 hr. exposure] Algae (Selenastrum capricornutum), IC50 (dossier, section 4.3a) [96 hr. exposure] 1 The reliability of studies = (2) Freshwater Invertebrates 1.67 Lewis and Perry 1981 1.62 29.0 Hooftman and van Drongelen- Sevenhuijsen 1990 Lewis 1986; Lewis and Hamm 1986 LAS toxicity has also been evaluated on a variety of freshwater invertebrate species in many studies. Van de Plassche et al. (1999) reviewed the acute invertebrate data compiled by BKH (1993) for LAS and related materials, including many materials with average alkyl chain lengths outside the range of current commercial LAS (section 1.1), and for alkyl chain homologs from C10 to C14. Similar to the results with fish, the range of invertebrate EC50 values was very large due to the range of materials tested (including many materials not representative of commercial LAS) and the differences in test design (not necessarily following standard guidelines). The range of EC50 values was only provided for one invertebrate species (Daphnia magna, 0.26-55 mg/L). These values include chemicals in addition to commercial LAS products. It is unclear which values within the range refer to commercial LAS products and the individual records were not available for validation. Van de Plassche et al. (1999) also calculated the geometric mean value for Daphnia magna and other aquatic invertebrates. The geometric mean EC50 for Daphnia magna based on 139 records was determined to be 4.7 mg/L (dossier, section 4.2Ac). The geometric mean EC50 values for Gammarus pulex, Mysidopsis bahia, and Panaeus duorarum were 6.2 mg/L (25 records), 1.7 mg/L (6 records), and 49 mg/L (5 records), respectively (dossier, section 4.2Ba). Because this is a review article and the individual studies were not reviewed independently, the reliability of these studies is not assignable. Lewis and Surprenant (1983) also reported an LC50 of 16 mg/L for the nematode Rhabditis sp. for C12 LAS (dossier, section 4.2Bf; reliability = 2). The HERA search (HERA 2004) also found 20 daphnid studies on commercial LAS, of which 11 studies were on currently relevant LAS (C11.6-C11.8) and followed standardized test methods (Annex 2). EC50 values on Daphnia magna ranged from 1.62 to 9.3 mg/L. A robust summary for the study representing the lowest value has been prepared and the study is referenced in Table 10 above. Freshwater algae LAS toxicity has also been evaluated on a variety of freshwater algae species although van de Plassche et al. (1999) did not provide geometric mean or range data on acute algae data. The HERA search (HERA 2004) found 13 algae studies on commercial LAS, of which 5 studies were on currently relevant LAS (C11.6-C11.8) and followed standardized test methods (Annex 2). The range of ErC50 values on algae ranged from 29-163 mg/L. A robust summary for the study representing the lowest value has been prepared and the study is referenced in Table 10 above. Marine Species Acute aquatic toxicity data for marine species have been summarized by van de Plassche et al. (1999). Geometric mean EC50 values were 6.2 mg/L (25 records), 1.7 mg/L (6 records), and 49 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 38
OECD SIDS LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) mg/L (5 records) for Gammarus pulex (amphipod), Mysidopsis bahia (mysid), and Panaeus duorarum (pink shrimp), respectively (dossier, section 4.2Ba). Temara et al. (2001) also summarized acute aquatic toxicity data, as shown in Table 11. Taxon Table 11. Aquatic Toxicity for Marine Species 1,2 Geometric Mean LC50 (mg/L) Alkyl Chain Length Number of Records All spp. 3 4.36 (SD = 0.79) C11.7-12.0 36 Crustacea 17.0 (SD=0.68) C11.7-12.0 14 Fish 1.58 (SD = 0.16) C11.7-12.0 6 1 From Dossier 4.1g, 4.2Bb 2 Reliability of Studies = (4); Original Data Not Reviewed 3 Data from fish, crustacea, algae and other species. Chronic Toxicity Test Results Freshwater Species Table 12 in the SIAR includes all available, reliable chronic freshwater NOEC values obtained in studies following guideline exposure periods (28-30 days for fish, 21 days for invertebrates and 3-4 days for algae). These studies result in the following NOEC values: fish NOEC = 1 mg/L (two studies, two species); Daphnia, NOEC = 1.18-3.25 mg/L (six values, two studies, one with 5 diets); algae, NOEC = 0.4-18 mg/L (four studies, two species). Table 12 - Chronic NOEC Values for Freshwater Species Following Guideline Exposure Periods 1 Species, Reference (Reliability) Endpoint (Exposure Period) NOEC (mg/L) Fish (28-30 day exposure period) Lepomis macrochirus, dossier 4.5.1m (2) Juvenile Growth 2 (28 d) 1.0 11.6 Pimephales promelas, dossier 4.5.1b (2) Fry Survival (30 d) 1 Invertebrates (21 day exposure period) Daphnia magna, dossier 4.5.2c (2) Reproduction (21 d) 1.18 Daphnia magna, dossier 4.5.2e (2) Reproduction (21 d) 1.25-3.75 3 11.8 Algae (3-4 day exposure period) Scenedesmus subspicatus, dossier 4.3e (2) Population Growth Rate (3 d) 18 12.0 Scenedesmus subspicatus, dossier 4.3f (1) Population Growth Rate (3 d) 2.4 11.6 Scenedesmus subspicatus, dossier 4.3g (1) Population Growth Rate (3 d) 0.4 11.6 Selenastrum capricornutum, dossier 4.3a (2) Population Growth Rate (4 d) 0.5 11.8 1 Reliability of Studies = (2) or (1) 2 Most sensitive endpoint. 3 Range of NOECs of 5 diets. LAS Alkyl Chain Length The chronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic organisms of commercial LAS with C10-13 alkyl chains and average carbon lengths close to C11.6 has been reviewed by van de Plassche et al. (1999) and the 12.3 11.8 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 39
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