LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) - UNEP Chemicals

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OECD SIDS LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) (15) Discussion of Factors that Mitigate or Exacerbate Releases and Exposures Exposure to LAS in formulated consumer laundry and cleaning products is mitigated by following use and precaution instructions on product labels. Product labels reflect the hazard potential of the chemical ingredients in the product. These product labels also include first aid instructions to accompany each hazard warning. For example, commercial products may include eye and skin irritancy warnings along with instructions to rinse thoroughly if dermal or other exposure occurs. Human exposure will be mitigated by the fact that residues from cleaning products are usually washed or rinsed off. Actual dermal absorption is only about 1% of product (Schaefer and Redelmeier 1996), whereas all modeled exposures include a default assumption of 100% absorption. Therefore, the modeled exposure is conservative by a factor of at least 100. LAS is water soluble (250 g/L) and has low vapor pressure (3E-13 Pa). Consumer products containing LAS are disposed of down-the-drain and transported to wastewater treatment plants where LAS is effectively removed (up to 99+%). Residual LAS entering the environment is rapidly and completely biodegraded (70- 90+% in ≤28 days in standard tests). It has a low potential for bioaccumulation (BCF – 87 L/kg) and studies indicate that it is rapidly metabolized and eliminated from the bodies of aquatic organisms. These characteristics help to minimize the potential for environmental and human exposure. (16) Remarks: Direct oral exposures are not modeled in this evaluation since these would only occur via accidental ingestion, and result in temporary, acute symptoms. None of the uses of LAS are in products intended for human consumption. Potential oral indirect exposure via drinking water and fish ingestion are included in Modeling Evaluations 1 and 2. Estimates of inhalation exposure apply to both consumer and commercial products as both use the same type of spray nozzles (for spray cleaners) and the same type of equipment to make the powder/granulated products. Trigger spray systems used for spray cleaners are designed to deposit the vast majority of the product on the surface to be cleaned and the respirable fraction of the amount sprayed is very small. A study conducted for the Soap and Detergent Association (Battelle 1999) measured the under 10 micron (respirable particle size) fraction delivered from 6 consumer product spray nozzles. The overall mean (n=30) is 0.11% particles under 10 microns and the standard deviation is 0.21. The very highest observation was 0.80%. This testing only captured the spray particles that are under 600 microns (maximum resolution of the test equipment), so the actual respirable particle percent of total volume sprayed is less than 0.1%. The Battelle (1999) study also reported that for consumer spray products in normal use conditions, the peak breathing zone concentration under 10 microns ranged from 0.13-0.72 mg/m 3 . HERA (2004) reported an air concentration of 0.35 mg/m 3 in experimental measurements of aerosol particles under 6.4 microns that are generated upon spraying with typical surface cleaning spray products. Using this data and assuming a worst case scenario, HERA modeled potential consumer exposures via inhalation of aerosols from cleaning sprays, predicting an exposure of 4.0E-5 mg/kg/day from this pathway, which is several orders of magnitude below the 5.0E-3 to 1.0E-3 predicted for total dermal exposure to spray cleaners. This information, considered together with low volatility of LAS and infrequent use of spray products in comparison to products involving dermal contact, indicates that inhalation exposures do not contribute significantly to total exposure. Indirect oral exposure from deposition of LAS on dishes washed with products containing LAS is not modeled. Due to the use of dilute solutions and the rinsing of dishes following wash, any exposure from this source would be very low compared to the direct dermal exposures that are modeled. Also not modeled is sediment exposure. Monitoring of sediments in a 2800 km reach of the Mississippi river indicates sediment concentrations of 0.01 to 0.95 mg/kg (mean = 0.23 ± 0.19 mg/kg) while NOEC values for sediment exposure are ≥81 mg/kg. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 76
OECD SIDS LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) I. Identification Information Format B: Monitoring Evaluation #1 (1) Activity associated with Monitoring Information Sampling of surface waters and sediments of the Mississippi River between Minneapolis and New Orleans during 1991-1992. (2) Citation Tabor, C.F. and Barber, L.B., II. 1996. Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the Mississippi River. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:161-171. II. Monitoring Study Design (1) Monitoring Study Objective Determination of the LAS concentrations in surface waters and sediments to provide data on the water quality of the river. (2) Description of Scenario Monitored Samples were collected on a 2800 kilometer reach of the Mississippi river between Minneapolis and New Orleans during three research vessel cruises conducted in the summer (June 23-August 7) and fall (September 24-November 13) of 1991 and the spring (March 25-May 10) of 1992. III. Sampling and Analytical Methods (1) Sampling Surface water cross-channel composite grab samples were collected on the upstream leg of each cruise (beginning at New Orleans). Discharge-averaged composite water samples were collected on the downstream leg of each cruise (beginning at Minneapolis). Composite bottom sediment samples were collected in shallow areas off the main navigation channel during the downstream leg of each cruise. (2) Method/ Procedure This monitoring study included extensive sampling of surface waters and sediments for the 2800 kilometer length of the Mississippi River. Dissolved LAS was isolated by passing water samples through a silica cartridge and eluted with acetonitrile followed by methylene chloride. LAS was extracted from sediments by centrifugation followed by methanol extractions. Extracts from both water and sediment were derivatized to form the trifluoroethyl ester of LAS. The derivatized extracts were then analyzed by GC/MS. Samples were collected with substantial attention to data quality and included quality control samples. The analytical method was chemical specific for LAS, with a detection limit of 0.1 µg/L for dissolved LAS. No contamination of field blanks or sample degradation during storage was observed. IV. Description and Results (1) Media Sampled Surface water and bottom sediments UNEP PUBLICATIONS 77
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LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) - UNEP Chemicals

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