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Nouns and Noun Phrases - University of Macau Library

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678 Syntax <strong>of</strong> Dutch: nouns <strong>and</strong> noun phrases<br />

fact that both een <strong>and</strong> ∅ have a negative counterpart, which is geen ‘no’ in both<br />

cases.<br />

Table 1: Articles<br />

DEFINITE<br />

INDEFINITE<br />

NEGATIVE<br />

NON-NEUTER de vrouw<br />

the woman<br />

NEUTER het meisje<br />

the girl<br />

NON-NEUTER een vrouw<br />

a woman<br />

NEUTER een meisje<br />

a girl<br />

NON-NEUTER geen vrouw<br />

no woman<br />

NEUTER geen meisje<br />

no girl<br />

COUNT NOUNS<br />

SINGULAR PLURAL<br />

de vrouwen<br />

the women<br />

de meisjes<br />

the girls<br />

∅ vrouwen<br />

women<br />

∅ meisjes<br />

girls<br />

geen vrouwen<br />

no women<br />

geen meisjes<br />

no girls<br />

NON-COUNT<br />

NOUNS<br />

de wijn<br />

the wine<br />

het bier<br />

the beer<br />

∅ wijn<br />

wine<br />

∅ bier<br />

beer<br />

geen wijn<br />

no wine<br />

geen bier<br />

no beer<br />

The definite <strong>and</strong> indefinite articles (de/het/een) are normally pronounced with a<br />

schwa (/ə/). Moreover, the initial consonant <strong>of</strong> the definite neuter article het is<br />

normally not pronounced. The weak (phonological reduced) form <strong>of</strong> het can be<br />

expressed orthographically by the apostrophe notation (cf. ’t), which is also<br />

available for the indefinite article een (cf. ’n). In careful speech (“<strong>of</strong>ficialese” <strong>and</strong><br />

the like) or when the article is stressed, the neuter definite article can be pronounced<br />

as [hEt]; the indefinite article een can be pronounced with a full vowel [e:], <strong>and</strong> is<br />

then homophonous to the numeral één ‘one’.<br />

(4) • Colloquial speech • Careful speech<br />

a. de: [də]<br />

b. het/’t: [ət] b′. het: [ht]<br />

c. een/’n: [ən] c′. een: [e:n]<br />

d. geen: [e:n]<br />

Unlike the German articles, the Dutch articles do not decline; apart from some<br />

historical relics, their form is invariant in all syntactic environments. This is shown<br />

for the definite non-neuter article de in the primeless examples in (5), but the same<br />

thing holds for the other articles. The primed examples give the German translations<br />

<strong>of</strong> the Dutch examples for comparison.<br />

(5) a. De man is ziek.<br />

a′. Dernom Mann ist krank.<br />

the man is ill<br />

b. Ik heb de man gisteren ontmoet.<br />

b′. Ich habe denacc Mann gestern begegnet.<br />

I have the man yesterday met

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