Nouns and Noun Phrases - University of Macau Library

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(61) a. gesloten voor alle verkeer closed for all traffic b. Al het/ *? Alle verkeer op de snelweg stond vast. all the/all traffic on the highway stood fast ‘All traffic on the highway was jammed.’ Pre-determiners 965 With abstract non-count nouns gender may play a role: neuter nouns like verdriet ‘sorrow’ and geluk ‘happiness’ seem marked, whereas non-neuter nouns like moeite ‘trouble’ and hoop ‘hope’ seem completely acceptable with inflected alle. Our impression seems supported by a Google search performed in July 2008 on the nouns mentioned: the neuter nouns are more often preceded by al het ‘all the’ than by alle ‘all’, al de moeite ‘all the trouble’ was about as frequent as alle moeite ‘all trouble’, and alle hoop ‘all hope’ far outnumbered al de hoop ‘all the hope’. It must be noted, however, that the results may not reflect that actual productive use of the sequence alle + abstract noun, given that abstract non-count nouns frequently occur in frozen expressions like those given in (62). (62) a. Straks komt er een eind aan alle verdriet. soon comes there an end to all sorrow ‘Soon, there will come an end to all sorrow.’ b. Alle moeite is voor niets geweest. all trouble is for nothing been ‘All efforts were to no avail.’ c. Hij had alle hoop al opgegeven. he had all hope already given.up d. Alle begin is moeilijk. all beginning is difficult With substance nouns, gender may again play a role. Neuter nouns like water and gebak ‘confectionery’ seem marked, whereas non-neuter nouns like wijn ‘wine’ and kaas ‘cheese’ are completely acceptable with inflected alle. Our impression again seems to be confirmed by a Google search performed in July 2008 on the nouns mentioned: the neuter nouns are more often preceded by al het ‘all the’ than by alle ‘all’, whereas the non-neuter nouns are more often preceded by alle ‘all’ than by al de ‘all the’. Nevertheless, it might be the case that judgments differ from case to case, and from person to person. Although future research is needed to see whether this is justified, we will assume for the moment that the general pattern is that substance nouns can be preceded both by alle ‘all’ and by al de/het ‘all the’. Table 6 aims at summarizing the findings above, and also shows that beide differs from inflected alle in that it never co-occurs with non-count nouns.
966 Syntax of Dutch: nouns and noun phrases Table 6: Inflected alle and beide in noun phrases headed by a non-count noun SUBSTANCE NOUNS ABSTRACT NOUNS MASS NOUNS INFLECTED ALLE BEIDE [+NEUTER] [-NEUTER] [+NEUTER] [-NEUTER] ? alle water all water ? alle verdriet all sadness ?? alle vee all cattle alle wijn/kaas all wine/cheese alle moeite all trouble/hope ?? alle politie all police *beide water both water *beide verdriet both sadness *beide vee both cattle *beide wijn/kaas both wine/cheese *beide moeite both trouble *beide politie both police Section 7.1.1 has shown that inflected alle need not express universal quantification, but may also have a high degree reading; the examples in (63a&b), illustrate again that alle phrases headed by an abstract non-count noun are quite common on this reading. Another context in which alle can combine with an abstract non-count noun is given in (63c); the adjective mogelijke seems to be the licenser of alle here; possibly, alle mogelijke should be analyzed as a constituent. (63) • High degree alle a. alle lof a′. alle reden all laudation all reason (every reason) b. in alle ernst b′. voor alle zekerheid in all seriousness for all security c. alle mogelijke moeite/onzin/pracht/... all possible trouble/nonsense/beauty/... The universal quantifier alle gives rise to unacceptable or highly marked results when combined with a deverbal noun. A systematic class of exceptions to this rule is formed by GE-nominalizations, which can be construed relatively freely with alle (though the results may vary from case to case). This is shown in Table 7, which also shows that beide is never possible in this context. Table 7: Inflected alle and beide in noun phrases headed by a deverbal noun BARE STEM NOMINAL INFINITIVE GE- NOMINALIZATION INFLECTED ALLE BEIDE ?? alle werk (van deze week) all work of this week *alle werken all work alle gedoe/gezeur/ ? gewerk all fuss/nagging/working *beide werk (van deze week) both work of this week *beide werken both work *beide gedoe/gezeur/gewerk both fuss/nagging/working This subsection has shown that there are various restrictions on the use of alle in combination with non-count nouns; cf. Table 6 and Table 7. Although the nature of these restrictions is far from clear, it is useful to point out that these restrictions are completely lacking in the case of pre-determiner bare al; cf. Table 2 and Table 3. This is unexpected on, and can therefore be seen as a problem for, the “fusion” approach, which considers alle a contracted form of pre-determiner bare al and the determiner following it.
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Numerals and quantifiers 907 6.2.3.
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References Aarts, Bas. 1994. The sy
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References 1153 eds. Hans Broekhuis
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References 1155 De Jong, Francisca
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References 1157 Haeseryn, Walter, K
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References 1159 Longobardi, Giusepp
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References 1161 Schultink, H. 1978.
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References 1163 Zwarts, Frans. 1981
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