A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

information about the source (author, title, and facts of publication) plus relevant pagenumbers. Notes are printed at the bottom of the page (called footnotes) or in a list collected atthe end of your paper (called endnotes). All notes have the same general form:N: 1. Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1998), 623.If you cite the same text again, you can shorten subsequent notes:N: 5. Johns, Nature of the Book, 384–85.In most cases, you also list sources at the end of the paper in a bibliography. That listnormally includes every source you cited in a note and sometimes others you consulted butdid not cite. Each bibliography entry includes the same information contained in a full note,but in a slightly different form:B: Johns, Adrian. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1998.15.3.2 Reference List StyleIn reference list–style citations, you signal that you have used a source by placing aparenthetical citation (including author, date, and relevant page numbers) next to yourreference to it:He argues that “in an uncertain world, printed materials can be put to use in ways that make thempowerful” (Johns 1998, 623).At the end of the paper, you list all sources in a reference list. That list normally includesevery source you cited in a parenthetical citation and sometimes others you consulted but didnot cite. Each reference list entry includes complete bibliographical information for a source,since parenthetical citations do not. All reference list entries have the same general form:R: Johns, Adrian. 1998. The nature of the book: Print and knowledge in the making. Chicago: Univ. ofChicago Press.15.4 Citation of Electronic SourcesThe standard citation forms evolved in the age of print, but researchers now increasingly relyon sources that are found online or in another electronic medium. These new sources havebeen used long enough for researchers to have created standard citation forms adapted to theirspecial characteristics, especially their transitory and changeable nature.15.4.1 Online SourcesSources available online are inherently less stable than printed sources.Online content can be revised easily, often without any indication that changes have beenmade. Some sites include revision dates, but many do not. There are no standards for