A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

number of a reference is the same as in the previous note, do not include a page numberafter ibid. Do not use ibid. after a note that contains more than one citation, and avoid usingibid. to refer to footnotes that do not appear on the same page.16.4.3 Parenthetical NotesPARENTHETICAL NOTES VERSUS FOOTNOTES OR ENDNOTES. In some situations, you maycite a source within parentheses in the text instead of in a footnote or an endnote.Parenthetical notes give readers a cleaner, more readable text, especially if you have manyreferences to just a few sources.According to one scholar, “The railroads had made Chicago the most important meeting place between Eastand West” (Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, 92–93).You may routinely use parenthetical notes for certain types of sources that readers canidentify with only a few elements, such as a newspaper article (see 17.4), a legal case (17.9.7),an older literary work (17.5.1), a biblical or other sacred work (17.5.2), or a source in thevisual and performing arts (17.8). For most such sources, you should provide a full citation inthe bibliography.In many fields, you may use parenthetical notes if you are discussing a particular work atlength and need to cite it frequently. The first time you cite the work, provide fullbibliographical data in a footnote or endnote; for subsequent references, use parentheticalnotes instead of shortened notes (see 16.4.1). Since this is a new practice in some fields, checkwith your instructor or advisor before citing sources in this way.In fields that study language and literature, parenthetical notes have generally replacedfootnotes or endnotes for most source citations, including the first reference to each work.FORMATTING PARENTHETICAL NOTES. Insert a parenthetical note where you would place areference number for a note: at the end of a quotation, sentence, or clause. The note comesbefore rather than after any comma, period, or other punctuation mark when the quotation isrun into the text. With a block quotation, however, the note follows the terminal punctuationmark (see 25.2.2 for an example).The fullest parenthetical note includes the same information as the author-title form of ashortened note, with the elements separated by commas. (Note that both the elements and thepunctuation are slightly different from those used in parenthetical citations with reference liststyle, described in chapters 18 and 19; do not confuse or combine the two styles.)“What on introspection seems to happen immediately and without effort is often a complex symphony ofprocesses that take time to complete” (LeDoux, Synaptic Self, 116).According to an expert, the norms of friendship are different in the workplace (Little, “Norms ofCollegiality,” 330).In some fields, writers are expected to use this full form for all parenthetical notes; inothers, they are allowed to shorten them, since such notes interrupt the flow of a text. If yourfield allows shortening, you have three options for most types of sources:www.itpub.net