A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

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followed by to and the name of the recipient. Omit the word letter, which is understood,but for other forms of communication, specify the type (telegram, memorandum).19.7 Informally Published Electronic SourcesMaterial that is informally published, or “posted,” online will often lack the standard facts ofpublication—author, title, publisher, or date. Even if you can determine few or no facts ofpublication, you must still include information beyond the URL in your reference list. If youcite only a URL and that URL changes or becomes obsolete, your citation becomes useless toreaders. The URL tells where the material was located when you consulted it; a completecitation must also indicate what a source is and the date on which you last accessed it (see15.4.1).19.7.1 Web SitesFor original content from online sources other than books or periodicals, include as much ofthe following as you can in your reference list: author, title of the page (in roman type, notenclosed in quotation marks), title or owner of the site, URL, and access date (or range ofaccess dates).R: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library strategic plan, 2000–2010: Adecade of outreach. Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00 html (accessedJune 1–August 15, 2005).If there is no named author, give the name of the owner of the site.R: Federation of American Scientists. Resolution comparison: Reading license plates and headlines.http://www fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.html (accessed June 1, 2005).Use descriptive phrases for content from informal sites, such as personal home pages andfan sites, where titles may be lacking.R: Camp Taconic Alumni. 1955 photo gallery. http://www.taconicalumni.org/1955 html (accessed June1, 2005).To cite a Web site without a formal publication date in your text, give the name of theauthor or site owner or the descriptive phrase used in the reference list entry. Include thisinformation either in parentheses or in the text.As indicated on the Federation of American Scientists' Web site . . .19.7.2 Weblog Entries and CommentsIf you cite entries or comments posted on a Weblog (or blog), include the Weblog in yourreference list, following the basic pattern for Web sites. Give the URL for the main page ofthe site.R: The Becker-Posner blog. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/ (accessed March 28, 2006).www.itpub.net
Cite individual entries and comments posted to a Weblog only in parenthetical citations.The key elements, which should be separated with commas, are the name of the author, thetitle of the Weblog, an indication whether the item is an entry (posted by the author of thesite) or a comment (posted by someone else), and the date of the posting. If an author's nameis incomplete or a pseudonym, cite it as given. In many cases, you may be able to includesome or all of this information in the text.P: (Peter Pearson, The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006). . . according to Gary Becker (entry posted March 6, 2006, on the Becker-Posner Blog). Comments by PeterPearson (posted March 6) and Bill (posted March 10) responded . . .19.7.3 Electronic Mailing ListsTo cite material from an electronic mailing list, include the name of the author, the date of theposting, and the name of the list. Omit e-mail addresses. Such items should usually be citedonly in a parenthetical citation, with the elements separated with commas. You generally neednot include them in your reference list, although you may choose to include a specific itemthat is critical to your argument or frequently cited. In many cases, you may be able to includesome or all of this information in the text.P: (John Powell, October 30, 2004, e-mail to Grapevine mailing list)In an e-mail to the Grapevine mailing list on October 30, 2004, John Powell declares . . .19.8 Sources in the Visual and Performing ArtsThe visual and performing arts generate a variety of sources, including visual images, liveperformances, broadcasts, recordings in various media, and texts. Citing some of thesesources can be difficult when they lack the types of identifying information common topublished sources. Include as much identifying information as you can, format the elementsconsistently, and adapt the general patterns outlined here as needed.You should cite most of the sources covered in this section only in parenthetical citations oreven by weaving the key elements into your text. Unless otherwise noted, you generally neednot include these sources in your reference list, although you may choose to include a specificitem that is critical to your argument or frequently cited. If your paper is for a course in thearts, media studies, or a similar field, consult your instructor.19.8.1 Visual SourcesPAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, PHOTOGRAPHS, AND OTHER ARTWORKS. Cite paintings,sculptures, photographs, and other artworks only in parenthetical citations. Include the nameof the artist, the title of the artwork and date of its creation (preceded by ca. [circa] ifapproximate), and the name of the institution that houses it (if any), including location.Italicize the titles of paintings and sculptures, but set the titles of photographs in roman type,
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A Manual for Writers of Research Pa
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Indexing BooksNancy C. MulvanyGetti
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Part I Research and Writing: From P
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15 General Introduction to Citation
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Appendix: Paper Format and Submissi
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that have emerged since 2003 and th
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We first discuss the aims of resear
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You may think your report will add
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1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That R
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That impulse is understandable. But
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You might even post those five goal
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knowledge:masks in religious ceremo
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9. Look for questions that other re
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esearch. You can, of course, look f
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If you can think of only one or two
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3.3.2 Skim the Internet3.3.3 Talk t
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understand what you think until you
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translator(s)What data identify the
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(Bibliographic Index is a bibliogra
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Skim bibliographies of recent books
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influential a source is by how ofte
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4.5 Review Your Progress4.5.1 Searc
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PART-WHOLE CONTRADICTIONS. You can
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label the places (see fig. 4.1, wit
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major reasons, and so on). Highligh
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two, and if you take notes on a com
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4.6 Manage Moments of Normal PanicT
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good research report, readers hear
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think your answer is significant, i
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differently, you must acknowledge a
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Around here, when it's a warm night
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To accept that claim, readers must
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5.6 Assemble an ArgumentHere is a s
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6.2.6).6.2 Create a Plan That Meets
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2. Rephrase your question as a lack
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You can follow the same procedure t
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its end expressing its point. That
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7.10 Guard against Inappropriate As
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y their lack of original thinking.
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Now might I do it [kill him] pat, n
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As one invention begets another one
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2. What help must you acknowledge i
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families were headed by a single mo
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A.3.1 on creating and inserting tab
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1. Include only relevant data. If y
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BAR CHARTS. Bar charts communicate
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Figure 8.7 shows how a stacked bar
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that states the claim you want the
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www.itpub.net
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9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Repo
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Of each section, ask What question
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give them a framework for understan
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you just surveyed:Ever since Girola
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Be sure to include in these openers
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11.5 Give It Up and Print It OutYou
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principal demonstrates that she is
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squeezed into so little volume chan
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Most instructors and editors do agr
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problem is the ones you are sure of
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comments so that you can do better
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13.1.2 Understand the Difference be
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of us do), you can then skip to the
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want to listen to them. Your aims a
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15.2.2 Information Required in Cita
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journal, collection, or series it a
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deciding how much change counts as
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You can assemble your bibliography
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information about the source (autho
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3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Transla
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16.1.3 CapitalizationCapitalize mos
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university may specify that you sho
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You may choose to include in your b
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16.3.5 Complex NotesCITATIONS. If y
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full note.N: 5. Jan H. Kalicki and
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number of a reference is the same a
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17.1.2 Title17.1.3 Edition17.1.4 Vo
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17.7 Informally Published Electroni
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17.1 BooksBooks reflect a wider ran
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4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. R
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Many Spanish last names are compoun
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B: Aaron, Henry. Why Is Welfare So
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B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doc
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Cambridge, MA: MIT PressChapel Hill
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illustration number.N: 50. Richard
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N: 3. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schu
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download or other delivery from a b
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B: Jenkins, J. Craig, David Jacobs,
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B: Schapiro, Mark. “New Power for
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Articles published online. For onli
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parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). Y
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N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia:
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17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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Locating information. Although some
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consistently, and adapt the general
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For video recordings, see 17.8.5; f
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with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Publish
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note.N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massa
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Page 202 and 203: Style: The Basic Form18.1 Basic Pat
Page 204 and 205: In reference list entries, separate
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Page 208 and 209: If your reference list includes two
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Page 214 and 215: 19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs19.5.9 On
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Page 218 and 219: (Menchú 1999, 50-51)(Adorno and Be
Page 220 and 221: Van Rensselaer, StephenMedici, Lore
Page 222 and 223: Dates. Use a comma to set off dates
Page 224 and 225: When you cite an edition other than
Page 226 and 227: Some numbered series have existed f
Page 228 and 229: SPECIAL TYPES OF LOCATORS. Some par
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Page 232 and 233: 19.2.1 Author's NameGive authors' n
Page 234 and 235: For a reference list entry, give th
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Page 238 and 239: 15.4.1). Note that a URL alone is n
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Page 242 and 243: In your reference list, cite works
Page 244 and 245: 19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
Page 248 and 249: enclosed in quotation marks. Use he
Page 250 and 251: P: (Federal Express, “Caveman”
Page 252 and 253: If your paper is in literary studie
Page 254 and 255: R: U.S. Congress. Congressional Rec
Page 256 and 257: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Me
Page 258 and 259: language, provide the page number a
Page 260 and 261: United Kingdom. n.d. Rotuli parliam
Page 262 and 263: 20.3 Compounds and Words Formed wit
Page 264 and 265: ABBREVIATIONS. Form plurals of abbr
Page 266 and 267: the role of the United Statesinstea
Page 268 and 269: foodbornechildlikeworldwideExceptio
Page 270 and 271: French Canadian explorerMiddle East
Page 272 and 273: when the prefix precedes a compound
Page 274 and 275: Abbreviations. Do not break abbrevi
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Page 282 and 283: If the included question is at the
Page 284 and 285: 21.8.2 BracketsBrackets are most of
Page 286 and 287: We have noted similar motifs in Jap
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Page 292 and 293: 22.2.2 Words Defined as TermsTo emp
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Web sites referred to generally (MS
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so, be consistent.If you are writin
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ROUND NUMBERS. Spell out a round nu
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23.1.6 Names with NumbersSome types
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In most numbers of four or more dig
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The research was conducted over sev
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do not, reconsider the structure of
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disciplines. If you are writing a p
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24.2.1 Personal NamesIn general, do
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24.2.3 Academic DegreesYou may use
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She was ineligible for the presiden
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24.4 Time and Dates24.4.1 TimeYou m
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Depending on the context, you may e
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24.6.3 New TestamentNote that the a
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parenthetical statements in the tex
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25.3.1 Permissible Changes25.3.2 Om
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The same placement options apply to
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R. ROISTER DOISTER. Except I have h
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INSERTIONS. If you need to insert a
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If you omit material between senten
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sometimes used interchangeably with
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Sources: Data from Richard H. Adams
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This grid of columns (vertical) and
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26.2.5 The StubThe leftmost column
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designate notes with asterisks, bot
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sentences. Such captions are also c
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hand) before submitting it. Softwar
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Many departments and universities h
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www.itpub.net
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www.itpub.net
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TITLE PAGE. Class papers should beg
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—New York Sun, February 13, 1917E
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class paper) includes many foreign
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www.itpub.net
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CHAPTERS. Most theses and dissertat
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that appear together without interv
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Examples of such material would be
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A.3 Submission RequirementsA.3.1 Pr
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Keep a table that cannot be present
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multimedia files.BibliographyThere
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The Booklist. Chicago: American Lib
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1. Bowman, John S., ed. The Cambrid
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Visual Representation of Data (Tabl
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4. Walford, Albert J., Anthony Chal
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University Press, 2004.2. Ward, Sir
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3. Øyen, Else, ed. Comparative Met
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http://www netlibrary.com.2. Warner
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EducationGeography4. Journal of Eco
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5. Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of
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Sociology3. Kennedy, J. Library Res
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1. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scient
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Chemistry4. Genetics Citation Index
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MathematicsPhysics2. Seyfert, Carl
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Chicago. He is the author of Style:
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of abbreviations list, 389in biblio
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See also figuresBC, 328, 339BCE, 32
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visual and performing arts, sources
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URLs, 177of words derived from pers
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working hypothesis as, 50-51See als
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headline-style capitalization and,
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of journal articles, citation of in
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drama. See plays; theater, citation
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eference list-style citation of, 25
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highlights in, 86-87inserted into f
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front matter, 377-391; abstract, 39
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See also figures; graphicsgrouped b
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methods of research illustrated on,
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as topic source, 14, 17journal writ
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magazinesbibliography-style citatio
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newspapersabbreviation of, 336-337a
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lists and, 329-330with names, 323-3
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multivolume dissertation, 375-376te
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in figure captions, 370function of,
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slash separating lines of, 350posse
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in glossary, 390line breaks and hyp
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from foreign language, 312integrati
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purpose of, 221specific requirement
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esearch method page, 390Reverend, u
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sentencesquoted material ending in,
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See also literature review; note-ta
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hard copy submission, 407-408prepar
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3-em dash, 148-149, 304timeabbrevia
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See also questions, researchtransit
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as primary sources, 25reference lis
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www.itpub.net
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