A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

PART-WHOLE CONTRADICTIONS. You can show that a source mistakes how the parts ofsomething are related.Smith has argued that sports are crucial to an educated person, but in fact athletics has no place in college.1. Source claims that X is a part of Y, but maybe it's not.2. Source claims that part of X relates to another of its parts in a certain way, but maybe itdoesn't.3. Source claims that every X has Y as one of its parts, but maybe it doesn't.DEVELOPMENTAL OR HISTORICAL CONTRADICTIONS. You can show that a sourcemistakes the origin and development of a topic.Smith argues that the world population will continue to rise, but it will not.1. Source claims that X is changing, but maybe it's not.2. Source claims that X originated in Y, but maybe it didn't.3. Source claims that X develops in a certain way, but maybe it doesn't.EXTERNAL CAUSE-EFFECT CONTRADICTIONS. You can show that a source mistakes acausal relationship:Smith claims that juveniles can be stopped from becoming criminals by “boot camps.” But evidence shows thatit makes them more likely to become criminals.1. Source claims that X causes Y, but maybe it doesn't.2. Source claims that X causes Y, but maybe they are both caused by Z.3. Source claims that X is sufficient to cause Y, but maybe it's not.4. Source claims that X causes only Y, but maybe it also causes Z.CONTRADICTIONS OF PERSPECTIVE. Most contradictions don't change a conceptualframework, but when you can contradict a standard view of things, you urge others to think ina new way.Smith assumes that advertising is a purely economic function, but it also serves as a laboratory for new art forms.1. Source discusses X in the context of or from the point of view of Y, but maybe a newcontext or point of view reveals a new truth (the new or old context can be social, political,philosophical, historical, economic, ethical, gender specific, etc.).2. Source analyzes X using theory/value system Y, but maybe you can analyze X from anew point of view and see it in a new way.www.itpub.net