A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

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Part I Research and Writing: From Planning to ProductionWayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. WilliamsOverview of Part I1 What Research Is and How Researchers Think about It1.1 How Researchers Think about Their Aims1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That Researchers Ask2 Moving from a Topic to a Question to a Working Hypothesis2.1 Find a Question in Your Topic2.2 Propose Some Working Answers2.3 Build a Storyboard to Plan and Guide Your Work2.4 Organize a Writing Support Group3 Finding Useful Sources3.1 Understand the Kinds of Sources Readers Expect You to Use3.2 Record Your Sources Fully, Accurately, and Appropriately3.3 Search for Sources Systematically3.4 Evaluate Sources for Relevance and Reliability3.5 Look beyond the Usual Kinds of References4 Engaging Sources4.1 Read Generously to Understand, Then Critically to Engage and Evaluate4.2 Take Notes Systematically4.3 Take Useful Notes4.4 Write as You Read4.5 Review Your Progress4.6 Manage Moments of Normal Panic5 Planning Your Argument5.1 What a Research Argument Is and Is Not5.2 Build Your Argument around Answers to Readers' Questions5.3 Turn Your Working Hypothesis into a Claim5.4 Assemble the Elements of Your Argument5.5 Distinguish Arguments Based on Evidence from Arguments Based on Warrants5.6 Assemble an Argument6 Planning a First Draft6.1 Avoid Unhelpful Plans6.2 Create a Plan That Meets Your Readers' Needs6.3 File Away Leftovers7 Drafting Your Report7.1 Draft in the Way That Feels Most Comfortable7.2 Develop Productive Drafting Habitswww.itpub.net
7.3 Use Your Key Terms to Keep Yourself on Track7.4 Quote, Paraphrase, and Summarize Appropriately7.5 Integrate Quotations into Your Text7.6 Use Footnotes and Endnotes Judiciously7.7 Interpret Complex or Detailed Evidence before You Offer It7.8 Be Open to Surprises7.9 Guard against Inadvertent Plagiarism7.10 Guard against Inappropriate Assistance7.11 Work through Chronic Procrastination and Writer's Block8 Presenting Evidence in Tables and Figures8.1 Choose Verbal or Visual Representations8.2 Choose the Most Effective Graphic8.3 Design Tables and Figures8.4 Communicate Data Ethically9 Revising Your Draft9.1 Check Your Introduction, Conclusion, and Claim9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Report Is Coherent9.3 Check Your Paragraphs9.4 Let Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrase It10 Writing Your Final Introduction and Conclusion10.1 Draft Your Final Introduction10.2 Draft Your Final Conclusion10.3 Write Your Title Last11 Revising Sentences11.1 Focus on the First Seven or Eight Words of a Sentence11.2 Diagnose What You Read11.3 Choose the Right Word11.4 Polish It Off11.5 Give It Up and Print It Out12 Learning from Your Returned Paper12.1 Find General Principles in Specific Comments12.2 Talk to Your Instructor13 Presenting Research in Alternative Forums13.1 Plan Your Oral Presentation13.2 Design Your Presentation to Be Listened To13.3 Plan Your Poster Presentation13.4 Plan Your Conference Proposal14 On the Spirit of ResearchPart II Source Citation
Page 2 and 3: A Manual for Writers of Research Pa
Page 4 and 5: Indexing BooksNancy C. MulvanyGetti
Page 8 and 9: 15 General Introduction to Citation
Page 10 and 11: Appendix: Paper Format and Submissi
Page 12 and 13: that have emerged since 2003 and th
Page 14 and 15: We first discuss the aims of resear
Page 16 and 17: You may think your report will add
Page 18 and 19: 1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That R
Page 20 and 21: That impulse is understandable. But
Page 22 and 23: You might even post those five goal
Page 24 and 25: knowledge:masks in religious ceremo
Page 26 and 27: 9. Look for questions that other re
Page 28 and 29: esearch. You can, of course, look f
Page 30 and 31: If you can think of only one or two
Page 32 and 33: 3.3.2 Skim the Internet3.3.3 Talk t
Page 34 and 35: understand what you think until you
Page 36 and 37: translator(s)What data identify the
Page 38 and 39: (Bibliographic Index is a bibliogra
Page 40 and 41: Skim bibliographies of recent books
Page 42 and 43: influential a source is by how ofte
Page 44 and 45: 4.5 Review Your Progress4.5.1 Searc
Page 46 and 47: PART-WHOLE CONTRADICTIONS. You can
Page 48 and 49: label the places (see fig. 4.1, wit
Page 50 and 51: major reasons, and so on). Highligh
Page 52 and 53: two, and if you take notes on a com
Page 54 and 55: 4.6 Manage Moments of Normal PanicT
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good research report, readers hear
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think your answer is significant, i
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differently, you must acknowledge a
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Around here, when it's a warm night
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To accept that claim, readers must
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5.6 Assemble an ArgumentHere is a s
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6.2.6).6.2 Create a Plan That Meets
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2. Rephrase your question as a lack
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You can follow the same procedure t
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its end expressing its point. That
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7.10 Guard against Inappropriate As
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y their lack of original thinking.
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Now might I do it [kill him] pat, n
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As one invention begets another one
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2. What help must you acknowledge i
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families were headed by a single mo
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A.3.1 on creating and inserting tab
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1. Include only relevant data. If y
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BAR CHARTS. Bar charts communicate
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Figure 8.7 shows how a stacked bar
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that states the claim you want the
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www.itpub.net
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9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Repo
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Of each section, ask What question
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give them a framework for understan
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you just surveyed:Ever since Girola
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Be sure to include in these openers
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11.5 Give It Up and Print It OutYou
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principal demonstrates that she is
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squeezed into so little volume chan
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Most instructors and editors do agr
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problem is the ones you are sure of
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comments so that you can do better
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13.1.2 Understand the Difference be
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of us do), you can then skip to the
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want to listen to them. Your aims a
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15.2.2 Information Required in Cita
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journal, collection, or series it a
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deciding how much change counts as
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You can assemble your bibliography
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information about the source (autho
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3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Transla
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16.1.3 CapitalizationCapitalize mos
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university may specify that you sho
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You may choose to include in your b
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16.3.5 Complex NotesCITATIONS. If y
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full note.N: 5. Jan H. Kalicki and
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number of a reference is the same a
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17.1.2 Title17.1.3 Edition17.1.4 Vo
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17.7 Informally Published Electroni
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17.1 BooksBooks reflect a wider ran
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4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. R
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Many Spanish last names are compoun
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B: Aaron, Henry. Why Is Welfare So
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B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doc
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Cambridge, MA: MIT PressChapel Hill
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illustration number.N: 50. Richard
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N: 3. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schu
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download or other delivery from a b
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B: Jenkins, J. Craig, David Jacobs,
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B: Schapiro, Mark. “New Power for
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Articles published online. For onli
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parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). Y
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N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia:
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17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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Locating information. Although some
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consistently, and adapt the general
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For video recordings, see 17.8.5; f
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with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Publish
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note.N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massa
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Executive departments, bureaus, and
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Lower federal courts. For lower fed
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them in your bibliography, although
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Style: The Basic Form18.1 Basic Pat
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In reference list entries, separate
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R: Chapter Author's Last Name, Chap
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If your reference list includes two
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18.3.1 Placement in TextWhenever yo
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citations. See 16.3.2-16.3.4 for no
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19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs19.5.9 On
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This chapter provides detailed info
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(Menchú 1999, 50-51)(Adorno and Be
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Van Rensselaer, StephenMedici, Lore
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Dates. Use a comma to set off dates
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When you cite an edition other than
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Some numbered series have existed f
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SPECIAL TYPES OF LOCATORS. Some par
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Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to M
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19.2.1 Author's NameGive authors' n
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For a reference list entry, give th
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the magazine in place of the author
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15.4.1). Note that a URL alone is n
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traditional or shorter abbreviation
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In your reference list, cite works
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19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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followed by to and the name of the
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enclosed in quotation marks. Use he
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P: (Federal Express, “Caveman”
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If your paper is in literary studie
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R: U.S. Congress. Congressional Rec
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U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Me
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language, provide the page number a
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United Kingdom. n.d. Rotuli parliam
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20.3 Compounds and Words Formed wit
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ABBREVIATIONS. Form plurals of abbr
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the role of the United Statesinstea
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foodbornechildlikeworldwideExceptio
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French Canadian explorerMiddle East
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when the prefix precedes a compound
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Abbreviations. Do not break abbrevi
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Special elements such as abbreviati
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Do not use commas when all the elem
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commas when such elements do not br
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If the included question is at the
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21.8.2 BracketsBrackets are most of
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We have noted similar motifs in Jap
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Chiang Kai-shekthe Honda Motor Comp
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treaties, government programs, and
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22.2.2 Words Defined as TermsTo emp
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given with an initial capital only.
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Web sites referred to generally (MS
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so, be consistent.If you are writin
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ROUND NUMBERS. Spell out a round nu
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23.1.6 Names with NumbersSome types
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In most numbers of four or more dig
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The research was conducted over sev
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do not, reconsider the structure of
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disciplines. If you are writing a p
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24.2.1 Personal NamesIn general, do
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24.2.3 Academic DegreesYou may use
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She was ineligible for the presiden
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24.4 Time and Dates24.4.1 TimeYou m
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Depending on the context, you may e
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24.6.3 New TestamentNote that the a
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parenthetical statements in the tex
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25.3.1 Permissible Changes25.3.2 Om
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The same placement options apply to
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R. ROISTER DOISTER. Except I have h
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INSERTIONS. If you need to insert a
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If you omit material between senten
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sometimes used interchangeably with
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Sources: Data from Richard H. Adams
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This grid of columns (vertical) and
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26.2.5 The StubThe leftmost column
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designate notes with asterisks, bot
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sentences. Such captions are also c
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hand) before submitting it. Softwar
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Many departments and universities h
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www.itpub.net
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www.itpub.net
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TITLE PAGE. Class papers should beg
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—New York Sun, February 13, 1917E
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class paper) includes many foreign
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www.itpub.net
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CHAPTERS. Most theses and dissertat
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that appear together without interv
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Examples of such material would be
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A.3 Submission RequirementsA.3.1 Pr
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Keep a table that cannot be present
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multimedia files.BibliographyThere
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The Booklist. Chicago: American Lib
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1. Bowman, John S., ed. The Cambrid
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Visual Representation of Data (Tabl
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4. Walford, Albert J., Anthony Chal
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University Press, 2004.2. Ward, Sir
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3. Øyen, Else, ed. Comparative Met
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http://www netlibrary.com.2. Warner
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EducationGeography4. Journal of Eco
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5. Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of
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Sociology3. Kennedy, J. Library Res
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1. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scient
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Chemistry4. Genetics Citation Index
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MathematicsPhysics2. Seyfert, Carl
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Chicago. He is the author of Style:
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of abbreviations list, 389in biblio
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See also figuresBC, 328, 339BCE, 32
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visual and performing arts, sources
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URLs, 177of words derived from pers
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working hypothesis as, 50-51See als
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headline-style capitalization and,
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of journal articles, citation of in
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drama. See plays; theater, citation
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eference list-style citation of, 25
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highlights in, 86-87inserted into f
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front matter, 377-391; abstract, 39
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See also figures; graphicsgrouped b
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methods of research illustrated on,
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as topic source, 14, 17journal writ
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magazinesbibliography-style citatio
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newspapersabbreviation of, 336-337a
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lists and, 329-330with names, 323-3
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multivolume dissertation, 375-376te
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in figure captions, 370function of,
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slash separating lines of, 350posse
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in glossary, 390line breaks and hyp
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from foreign language, 312integrati
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purpose of, 221specific requirement
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esearch method page, 390Reverend, u
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sentencesquoted material ending in,
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See also literature review; note-ta
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hard copy submission, 407-408prepar
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3-em dash, 148-149, 304timeabbrevia
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See also questions, researchtransit
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as primary sources, 25reference lis
Page 470:
www.itpub.net
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