A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

In some fields, your instructor may expect you to give full bibliographical data in each note,but in most you can give a complete citation the first time you cite a work and a shortened onein subsequent notes. In a few fields, writers have even begun to use a shortened form for allcitations, with complete data listed only in the bibliography.If you don't know the practice common in your field, consult your local guidelines.16.4.1 Shortened NotesA shortened note should include enough information for readers to find the full citation inyour bibliography or in an earlier note. The two main choices are author-only notes andauthor-title notes. In many fields, writers use the author-title form for all shortened notes; inothers, writers use the author-only form for most shortened notes, but the author-title formwhen they cite more than one work by the same author. If a source does not have an author(or editor), you can use a title-only note. Figure 16.2 provides templates for each type ofshortened note.An author-only note includes the author's last name and page numbers (or other locator),separated by a comma and followed by a period. If the work has an editor rather than anauthor, use the editor's last name but do not add ed. An author-title note adds a shortened titlecomposed of up to four distinctive words from the full title. Use a comma to separate theauthor and the shortened title, and print the title with italics or quotation marks as you wouldin a full note.N: 1. Philip Ball, Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001),140.ororor4. Ball, 204.4. Ball, Bright Earth, 204.12. Nancy L. Green, “The Politics of Exit: Reversing the Immigration Paradigm,” Journal of ModernHistory 77 (June 2005): 275.17. Green, 276.17. Green, “Politics of Exit,” 276.20. John Demos, “Real Lives and Other Fictions: Reconsidering Wallace Stegner's Angle of Repose,” inNovel History: Historians and Novelists Confront America's Past (and Each Other), ed. Mark C. Carnes(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), 135.22. Demos, 138.22. Demos, “Real Lives,” 138.For multiple authors or editors, list the last names in the same order in which they appear in a