A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

You can incorporate a quotation into your text in one of two ways, depending on its length. Ifthe quotation is four lines or fewer, run it into your text and enclose it in quotation marks. If itis five lines or longer, set it off as a block quotation, without quotation marks. Follow thesame principles for quotations within footnotes or endnotes (see 16.3.5).You may use a block quotation for a quotation shorter than five lines if you want toemphasize it or compare it to a longer quotation.25.2.1 Run-in QuotationsWhen quoting a passage of fewer than five lines, enclose the exact words quoted in doublequotation marks. There are several ways to integrate a quotation into the flow of your text; see7.5. You may introduce it with the name of the author accompanied by a term such as notes,claims, argues, or according to. (Note that these terms are usually in the present tense, ratherthan noted, claimed, and so forth, but some disciplines follow different practices.) In this case,put a comma before the quotation.Ricoeur writes, “The boundary between plot and argument is no easier to trace.”As Ricoeur notes, “The boundary between plot and argument is no easier to trace.”If you weave a quotation more tightly into the syntax of your sentence, as with the wordthat, do not put a comma before it.Ricoeur warns us that “the boundary between plot and argument is no easier to trace.”If you put the attributing phrase in the middle of a quotation, set it off with commas.“The boundary between plot and argument,” says Ricoeur, “is no easier to trace.”For use of commas, periods, and other punctuation marks within the quotation, see 21.11.2and 25.3.1; for capitalization within the quotation, see 25.3.1.PLACEMENT OF CITATIONS. If you cite the source of a quotation in a footnote or endnote,where you place the superscript note number (see 16.3.2) depends on where the quotationfalls within a sentence. If the quotation is at the end of the sentence, put the number after theclosing quotation mark.According to Litwack, “Scores of newly freed slaves viewed movement as a vital expression of theiremancipation.” 4If the quotation ends in the middle of a sentence, put the number at the end of the clausethat includes the quotation, which often is the end of the sentence.“Scores of newly freed slaves viewed movement as a vital expression of their emancipation,” according toLitwack. 4Litwack argues that “scores of newly freed slaves viewed movement as a vital expression of theiremancipation,” 4 and he proceeds to prove this assertion.