A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

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That impulse is understandable. But unless you've been assigned an applied or practicalproblem, resist it. You are unlikely to solve any significant practical problem in a class paper,and in any case, most of the academic world sees its mission not as fixing the problems of theworld directly, but as understanding them better (which may or may not help fix them).1.2.5 The Special Challenge of Conceptual Questions: Answering So What?With most practical questions, we don't have to answer So what? because the benefit isusually obvious. Even most applied questions imply the practical benefits of their answers:few readers would question why a researcher is trying to understand what causes Alzheimer's.With conceptual questions, however, the answer to So what? is often not obvious at all, evento an experienced researcher: So what if Shakespeare had Lady Macbeth die offstage ratherthan on? So what if some cultures use masks in their religious rituals and others don't? Whyis it important to know that?For a research paper in an introductory course, your instructor may be satisfied with anyplausible answer to So what? So if early in your research career you find yourself strugglingwith that question, don't take it as a sign of failure, much less as evidence that you're not readyto do the work. In fact, you might not discover the answer to So what? until you've draftedyour report, maybe not even until you've finished it. And even then, maybe the answer willmatter only to you.But if your project is a thesis or dissertation, it's not just an advisor that you have to satisfy.Your answer must also satisfy those in your field (represented by your advisor) who willjudge your work not just by the quality of your answer, but by the significance of yourquestion. Experienced researchers know that some readers, perhaps many, will read theirreport and think I don't agree. They accept that as an inevitable part of sharing research onsignificant issues. What they can't accept is I don't care.So as hard as it will be, the more often you imagine others asking So what? and the moreoften you try to answer it, if only to your own satisfaction, the more confident you can be thateventually you'll learn to succeed at every experienced researcher's toughest task—toconvince your readers that your report is worth their time. (In chapter 10, we discuss how towrite an introduction that motivates your readers at least to start reading your report.)2 Moving from a Topic to a Question to aWorking Hypothesis2.1 Find a Question in Your Topic2.1.1 Search Your Interests2.1.2 Make Your Topic Manageablewww.itpub.net
2.1.3 Question Your Topic2.1.4 Evaluate Your Questions2.2 Propose Some Working Answers2.2.1 Decide on a Working Hypothesis2.2.2 Beware the Risks in a Working Hypothesis2.2.3 If You Can't Find an Answer, Argue for Your Question2.3 Build a Storyboard to Plan and Guide Your Work2.3.1 State Your Question and Working Hypotheses2.3.2 State Your Reasons2.3.3 Sketch in the Kind of Evidence You Should Look For2.3.4 Look at the Whole2.4 Organize a Writing Support GroupA research project is more than collecting data. You start it before you log on to the Internetor head for the library, and you continue it long after you have all the data you think you need.In that process, you face countless specific tasks, but they all aim at just five general goals.You must do the following:Ask a question worth answering.Find an answer that you can support with good reasons.Find reliable evidence to support your reasons.Draft a report that makes a good case for your answer.Revise that draft until readers will think you met the first four goals.
Page 2 and 3: A Manual for Writers of Research Pa
Page 4 and 5: Indexing BooksNancy C. MulvanyGetti
Page 6 and 7: Part I Research and Writing: From P
Page 8 and 9: 15 General Introduction to Citation
Page 10 and 11: Appendix: Paper Format and Submissi
Page 12 and 13: that have emerged since 2003 and th
Page 14 and 15: We first discuss the aims of resear
Page 16 and 17: You may think your report will add
Page 18 and 19: 1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That R
Page 22 and 23: You might even post those five goal
Page 24 and 25: knowledge:masks in religious ceremo
Page 26 and 27: 9. Look for questions that other re
Page 28 and 29: esearch. You can, of course, look f
Page 30 and 31: If you can think of only one or two
Page 32 and 33: 3.3.2 Skim the Internet3.3.3 Talk t
Page 34 and 35: understand what you think until you
Page 36 and 37: translator(s)What data identify the
Page 38 and 39: (Bibliographic Index is a bibliogra
Page 40 and 41: Skim bibliographies of recent books
Page 42 and 43: influential a source is by how ofte
Page 44 and 45: 4.5 Review Your Progress4.5.1 Searc
Page 46 and 47: PART-WHOLE CONTRADICTIONS. You can
Page 48 and 49: label the places (see fig. 4.1, wit
Page 50 and 51: major reasons, and so on). Highligh
Page 52 and 53: two, and if you take notes on a com
Page 54 and 55: 4.6 Manage Moments of Normal PanicT
Page 56 and 57: good research report, readers hear
Page 58 and 59: think your answer is significant, i
Page 60 and 61: differently, you must acknowledge a
Page 62 and 63: Around here, when it's a warm night
Page 64 and 65: To accept that claim, readers must
Page 66 and 67: 5.6 Assemble an ArgumentHere is a s
Page 68 and 69: 6.2.6).6.2 Create a Plan That Meets
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2. Rephrase your question as a lack
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You can follow the same procedure t
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its end expressing its point. That
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7.10 Guard against Inappropriate As
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y their lack of original thinking.
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Now might I do it [kill him] pat, n
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As one invention begets another one
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2. What help must you acknowledge i
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families were headed by a single mo
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A.3.1 on creating and inserting tab
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1. Include only relevant data. If y
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BAR CHARTS. Bar charts communicate
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Figure 8.7 shows how a stacked bar
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that states the claim you want the
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www.itpub.net
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9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Repo
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Of each section, ask What question
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give them a framework for understan
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you just surveyed:Ever since Girola
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Be sure to include in these openers
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11.5 Give It Up and Print It OutYou
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principal demonstrates that she is
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squeezed into so little volume chan
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Most instructors and editors do agr
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problem is the ones you are sure of
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comments so that you can do better
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13.1.2 Understand the Difference be
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of us do), you can then skip to the
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want to listen to them. Your aims a
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15.2.2 Information Required in Cita
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journal, collection, or series it a
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deciding how much change counts as
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You can assemble your bibliography
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information about the source (autho
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3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Transla
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16.1.3 CapitalizationCapitalize mos
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university may specify that you sho
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You may choose to include in your b
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16.3.5 Complex NotesCITATIONS. If y
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full note.N: 5. Jan H. Kalicki and
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number of a reference is the same a
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17.1.2 Title17.1.3 Edition17.1.4 Vo
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17.7 Informally Published Electroni
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17.1 BooksBooks reflect a wider ran
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4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. R
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Many Spanish last names are compoun
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B: Aaron, Henry. Why Is Welfare So
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B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doc
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Cambridge, MA: MIT PressChapel Hill
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illustration number.N: 50. Richard
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N: 3. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schu
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download or other delivery from a b
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B: Jenkins, J. Craig, David Jacobs,
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B: Schapiro, Mark. “New Power for
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Articles published online. For onli
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parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). Y
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N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia:
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17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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Locating information. Although some
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consistently, and adapt the general
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For video recordings, see 17.8.5; f
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with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Publish
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note.N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massa
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Executive departments, bureaus, and
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Lower federal courts. For lower fed
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them in your bibliography, although
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Style: The Basic Form18.1 Basic Pat
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In reference list entries, separate
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R: Chapter Author's Last Name, Chap
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If your reference list includes two
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18.3.1 Placement in TextWhenever yo
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citations. See 16.3.2-16.3.4 for no
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19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs19.5.9 On
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This chapter provides detailed info
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(Menchú 1999, 50-51)(Adorno and Be
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Van Rensselaer, StephenMedici, Lore
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Dates. Use a comma to set off dates
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When you cite an edition other than
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Some numbered series have existed f
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SPECIAL TYPES OF LOCATORS. Some par
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Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to M
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19.2.1 Author's NameGive authors' n
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For a reference list entry, give th
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the magazine in place of the author
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15.4.1). Note that a URL alone is n
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traditional or shorter abbreviation
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In your reference list, cite works
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19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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followed by to and the name of the
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enclosed in quotation marks. Use he
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P: (Federal Express, “Caveman”
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If your paper is in literary studie
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R: U.S. Congress. Congressional Rec
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U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Me
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language, provide the page number a
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United Kingdom. n.d. Rotuli parliam
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20.3 Compounds and Words Formed wit
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ABBREVIATIONS. Form plurals of abbr
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the role of the United Statesinstea
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foodbornechildlikeworldwideExceptio
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French Canadian explorerMiddle East
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when the prefix precedes a compound
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Abbreviations. Do not break abbrevi
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Special elements such as abbreviati
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Do not use commas when all the elem
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commas when such elements do not br
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If the included question is at the
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21.8.2 BracketsBrackets are most of
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We have noted similar motifs in Jap
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Chiang Kai-shekthe Honda Motor Comp
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treaties, government programs, and
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22.2.2 Words Defined as TermsTo emp
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given with an initial capital only.
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Web sites referred to generally (MS
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so, be consistent.If you are writin
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ROUND NUMBERS. Spell out a round nu
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23.1.6 Names with NumbersSome types
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In most numbers of four or more dig
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The research was conducted over sev
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do not, reconsider the structure of
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disciplines. If you are writing a p
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24.2.1 Personal NamesIn general, do
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24.2.3 Academic DegreesYou may use
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She was ineligible for the presiden
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24.4 Time and Dates24.4.1 TimeYou m
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Depending on the context, you may e
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24.6.3 New TestamentNote that the a
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parenthetical statements in the tex
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25.3.1 Permissible Changes25.3.2 Om
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The same placement options apply to
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R. ROISTER DOISTER. Except I have h
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INSERTIONS. If you need to insert a
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If you omit material between senten
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sometimes used interchangeably with
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Sources: Data from Richard H. Adams
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This grid of columns (vertical) and
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26.2.5 The StubThe leftmost column
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designate notes with asterisks, bot
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sentences. Such captions are also c
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hand) before submitting it. Softwar
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Many departments and universities h
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www.itpub.net
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www.itpub.net
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TITLE PAGE. Class papers should beg
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—New York Sun, February 13, 1917E
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class paper) includes many foreign
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www.itpub.net
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CHAPTERS. Most theses and dissertat
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that appear together without interv
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Examples of such material would be
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A.3 Submission RequirementsA.3.1 Pr
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Keep a table that cannot be present
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multimedia files.BibliographyThere
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The Booklist. Chicago: American Lib
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1. Bowman, John S., ed. The Cambrid
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Visual Representation of Data (Tabl
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4. Walford, Albert J., Anthony Chal
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University Press, 2004.2. Ward, Sir
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3. Øyen, Else, ed. Comparative Met
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http://www netlibrary.com.2. Warner
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EducationGeography4. Journal of Eco
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5. Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of
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Sociology3. Kennedy, J. Library Res
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1. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scient
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Chemistry4. Genetics Citation Index
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MathematicsPhysics2. Seyfert, Carl
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Chicago. He is the author of Style:
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of abbreviations list, 389in biblio
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See also figuresBC, 328, 339BCE, 32
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visual and performing arts, sources
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URLs, 177of words derived from pers
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working hypothesis as, 50-51See als
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headline-style capitalization and,
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of journal articles, citation of in
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drama. See plays; theater, citation
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eference list-style citation of, 25
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highlights in, 86-87inserted into f
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front matter, 377-391; abstract, 39
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See also figures; graphicsgrouped b
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methods of research illustrated on,
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as topic source, 14, 17journal writ
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magazinesbibliography-style citatio
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newspapersabbreviation of, 336-337a
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lists and, 329-330with names, 323-3
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multivolume dissertation, 375-376te
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in figure captions, 370function of,
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slash separating lines of, 350posse
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in glossary, 390line breaks and hyp
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from foreign language, 312integrati
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purpose of, 221specific requirement
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esearch method page, 390Reverend, u
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sentencesquoted material ending in,
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See also literature review; note-ta
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hard copy submission, 407-408prepar
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3-em dash, 148-149, 304timeabbrevia
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See also questions, researchtransit
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as primary sources, 25reference lis
Page 470:
www.itpub.net
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