A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

22.3.3 PunctuationThis chapter offers general guidelines for presenting names, special terms, and titles of works,including when to use capital or lowercase letters at the beginnings of words and when to usequotation marks or italic type (as opposed to regular, roman type) to set off words, phrases, ortitles.In some cases, you may need to adapt these guidelines to situations not described here. Ifso, be consistent. If you cannot use an italic font, underline instead.If you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your department or university may have specificrequirements for presenting names, special terms, and titles. Those requirements are usuallyavailable from the office of theses and dissertations. If you are writing a class paper, yourinstructor may also ask you follow certain principles for presenting such items. Review theserequirements before you prepare your paper. They take precedence over the guidelinessuggested here. For style guides in various disciplines, see the bibliography.22.1 NamesProper nouns, or names, are always capitalized, but it is sometimes difficult to distinguish aname from a generic term. This section covers the most common cases. For more detailedinformation, see chapter 8 of the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (2003).In text, names are normally presented in roman type, but there are a few exceptions notedin 22.1.3.22.1.1 People, Places, and OrganizationsIn general, capitalize the first letter in each element of the names of specific people, places,and organizations. However, personal names that contain particles (such as de and van) orcompound last names may vary in capitalization. When in doubt, consult Webster'sBiographical Dictionary or another reliable authority. Prepositions (of) and conjunctions(and) that are parts of names are usually lowercase, as is the when it precedes a name. Forpossessive forms of names, see 20.2. For abbreviations with names, see 24.2. For names withnumbers, see 23.1.6.Eleanor Rooseveltthe United States CongressW. E. B. Du Boisthe State DepartmentLudwig van Beethoventhe European UnionVictoria Sackville-Westthe University of North Carolina