A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

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26.2.5 The StubThe leftmost column of a table, called the stub, lists the categories of data in each row.Include a column head for the stub whenever possible, even if it is generic (“TypicalCharacteristic” or “Variable”). Omit the head only if it would merely repeat the table titleor if the categories in the stub are too diverse for a single head.Make stub entries nouns or noun phrases whenever possible, and keep them consistent inform: “Books, Journal articles, Manuscripts” rather than “Books, Articles published injournals, Manuscripts.” Use the same word for the same item in all of your tables (forexample, if you use Former USSR in one table, do not use Former Soviet Union inanother).Capitalize all stub entries sentence style (see 22.3.1), with no terminal periods.Set the stub head and entries flush left, and indent any runovers (as in table 26.1).To show the sum of the numbers in a column, include an indented stub entry entitledTotal (see table 26.2).If the stub column includes subentries as well as main entries (see table 26.3), distinguishthem through indentation, typography (such as italics), or both. Follow the same principleslisted above for main entries for capitalization and so forth.26.2.6 The Body of a TableThe body of a table consists of cells containing your data, which may be words, numbers, orboth (see table 26.1).If the data are numerical and all values in a column or in the entire table are in thousands ormillions, omit the rightmost zeros and note the unit in an explanatory tag in the relevantcolumn head (see 26.2.4), in the table title (26.2.2), or in a footnote (26.2.7). Indicate anempty cell with three spaced periods (ellipsis dots), centered as in table 26.3.HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT. Align the data in each row with the stub entry for that row.If the stub entry runs over onto two or more lines but the related data does not, align therow with the bottom line of the stub entry (see the row beginning “Church of the HolyGhost” in table 26.1).If both the stub entry and the data run over onto two or more lines, align the row with thetop line of the stub entry (see the row beginning “Mt. Nebo Apostolic” in table 26.1).If necessary, insert leaders (lines of periods, or dots) to lead the reader's eye from thestub to the data in the first column. (For an example of leaders in a similar context, see fig.www.itpub.net
A.5.)VERTICAL ALIGNMENT. Align a column of numbers vertically on their real or implieddecimal points by aligning on the rightmost numeral, so that readers can compare the valuesin the column. If all numerical values in a column have a zero before a decimal point, youmay omit the zeros (see figure A.13).Align dollar signs, percent signs, degrees, and so on. But if they occur in every cell in thecolumn, delete them from the cells and give the unit as a tag in the column head (see 26.2.4,table 26.2, and figure A.13).If the data consist of words, center each column under the column head. If any items haverunovers, align each column flush left (see table 26.1).26.2.7 FootnotesIf a table has footnotes, position them flush left, single-spaced. Leave a blank line between thebottom rule of the table and the first note, and also between notes. Footnotes may bepresented in a smaller typeface than the rest of the text; consult your local guidelines.Footnotes for tables can be of four kinds: (1) source lines (discussed in 26.1.3), (2) generalfootnotes that apply to the whole table, (3) footnotes that apply to specific parts of the table,and (4) notes on levels of statistical significance. If you have more than one kind of note, putthem in that order.GENERAL NOTES. General notes apply to the entire table. They define abbreviations, expandon the table title, specify how data were collected or derived, indicate rounding of values, andso on. Gather all such remarks into a single note. Do not put a note number (or other symbol)anywhere in the table or the table title, or with the note itself. Simply begin the note with theword Note (capitalized, in italics, followed by a colon). See also table 26.3.Note: Since not all data were available, there is disparity in the totals.SPECIFIC NOTES. Notes to explain specific items in a table can be attached to any part of thetable except the table number or title. Designate such notes with lowercase, superscript lettersrather than numbers, both within the table and in the note itself. Do not begin the note withthe word note but with the same superscript letter, with no period or colon following.a Total excludes trade and labor employees.If you include more than one such note in a table (as in table 26.2), use letters in sequentialorder, beginning at the upper left of the table, running left to right and then downward, row byrow. If a note applies to two or more items in the table, use the same letter for each item; if itapplies to all items in a column or row, put the letter in the relevant column head or stubentry.NOTES ON STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE. If you include notes on the statistical significanceof your data (also called probability notes), and if the significance levels are standard,
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A Manual for Writers of Research Pa
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Indexing BooksNancy C. MulvanyGetti
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Part I Research and Writing: From P
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15 General Introduction to Citation
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Appendix: Paper Format and Submissi
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that have emerged since 2003 and th
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We first discuss the aims of resear
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You may think your report will add
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1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That R
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That impulse is understandable. But
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You might even post those five goal
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knowledge:masks in religious ceremo
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9. Look for questions that other re
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esearch. You can, of course, look f
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If you can think of only one or two
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3.3.2 Skim the Internet3.3.3 Talk t
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understand what you think until you
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translator(s)What data identify the
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(Bibliographic Index is a bibliogra
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Skim bibliographies of recent books
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influential a source is by how ofte
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4.5 Review Your Progress4.5.1 Searc
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PART-WHOLE CONTRADICTIONS. You can
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label the places (see fig. 4.1, wit
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major reasons, and so on). Highligh
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two, and if you take notes on a com
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4.6 Manage Moments of Normal PanicT
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good research report, readers hear
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think your answer is significant, i
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differently, you must acknowledge a
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Around here, when it's a warm night
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To accept that claim, readers must
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5.6 Assemble an ArgumentHere is a s
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6.2.6).6.2 Create a Plan That Meets
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2. Rephrase your question as a lack
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You can follow the same procedure t
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its end expressing its point. That
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7.10 Guard against Inappropriate As
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y their lack of original thinking.
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Now might I do it [kill him] pat, n
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As one invention begets another one
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2. What help must you acknowledge i
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families were headed by a single mo
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A.3.1 on creating and inserting tab
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1. Include only relevant data. If y
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BAR CHARTS. Bar charts communicate
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Figure 8.7 shows how a stacked bar
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that states the claim you want the
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www.itpub.net
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9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Repo
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Of each section, ask What question
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give them a framework for understan
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you just surveyed:Ever since Girola
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Be sure to include in these openers
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11.5 Give It Up and Print It OutYou
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principal demonstrates that she is
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squeezed into so little volume chan
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Most instructors and editors do agr
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problem is the ones you are sure of
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comments so that you can do better
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13.1.2 Understand the Difference be
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of us do), you can then skip to the
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want to listen to them. Your aims a
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15.2.2 Information Required in Cita
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journal, collection, or series it a
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deciding how much change counts as
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You can assemble your bibliography
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information about the source (autho
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3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Transla
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16.1.3 CapitalizationCapitalize mos
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university may specify that you sho
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You may choose to include in your b
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16.3.5 Complex NotesCITATIONS. If y
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full note.N: 5. Jan H. Kalicki and
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number of a reference is the same a
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17.1.2 Title17.1.3 Edition17.1.4 Vo
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17.7 Informally Published Electroni
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17.1 BooksBooks reflect a wider ran
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4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. R
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Many Spanish last names are compoun
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B: Aaron, Henry. Why Is Welfare So
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B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doc
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Cambridge, MA: MIT PressChapel Hill
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illustration number.N: 50. Richard
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N: 3. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schu
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download or other delivery from a b
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B: Jenkins, J. Craig, David Jacobs,
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B: Schapiro, Mark. “New Power for
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Articles published online. For onli
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parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). Y
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N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia:
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17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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Locating information. Although some
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consistently, and adapt the general
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For video recordings, see 17.8.5; f
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with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Publish
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note.N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massa
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Executive departments, bureaus, and
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Lower federal courts. For lower fed
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them in your bibliography, although
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Style: The Basic Form18.1 Basic Pat
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In reference list entries, separate
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R: Chapter Author's Last Name, Chap
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If your reference list includes two
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18.3.1 Placement in TextWhenever yo
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citations. See 16.3.2-16.3.4 for no
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19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs19.5.9 On
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This chapter provides detailed info
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(Menchú 1999, 50-51)(Adorno and Be
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Van Rensselaer, StephenMedici, Lore
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Dates. Use a comma to set off dates
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When you cite an edition other than
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Some numbered series have existed f
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SPECIAL TYPES OF LOCATORS. Some par
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Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to M
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19.2.1 Author's NameGive authors' n
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For a reference list entry, give th
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the magazine in place of the author
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15.4.1). Note that a URL alone is n
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traditional or shorter abbreviation
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In your reference list, cite works
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19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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followed by to and the name of the
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enclosed in quotation marks. Use he
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P: (Federal Express, “Caveman”
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If your paper is in literary studie
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R: U.S. Congress. Congressional Rec
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U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Me
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language, provide the page number a
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United Kingdom. n.d. Rotuli parliam
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20.3 Compounds and Words Formed wit
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ABBREVIATIONS. Form plurals of abbr
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the role of the United Statesinstea
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foodbornechildlikeworldwideExceptio
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French Canadian explorerMiddle East
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when the prefix precedes a compound
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Abbreviations. Do not break abbrevi
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Special elements such as abbreviati
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Do not use commas when all the elem
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commas when such elements do not br
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If the included question is at the
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21.8.2 BracketsBrackets are most of
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We have noted similar motifs in Jap
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Chiang Kai-shekthe Honda Motor Comp
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treaties, government programs, and
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Page 359 and 360: TITLE PAGE. Class papers should beg
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Page 384 and 385: 1. Bowman, John S., ed. The Cambrid
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3. Øyen, Else, ed. Comparative Met
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http://www netlibrary.com.2. Warner
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EducationGeography4. Journal of Eco
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5. Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of
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Sociology3. Kennedy, J. Library Res
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1. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scient
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Chemistry4. Genetics Citation Index
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MathematicsPhysics2. Seyfert, Carl
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Chicago. He is the author of Style:
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of abbreviations list, 389in biblio
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See also figuresBC, 328, 339BCE, 32
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visual and performing arts, sources
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URLs, 177of words derived from pers
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working hypothesis as, 50-51See als
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headline-style capitalization and,
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of journal articles, citation of in
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drama. See plays; theater, citation
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eference list-style citation of, 25
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highlights in, 86-87inserted into f
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front matter, 377-391; abstract, 39
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See also figures; graphicsgrouped b
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methods of research illustrated on,
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as topic source, 14, 17journal writ
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magazinesbibliography-style citatio
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newspapersabbreviation of, 336-337a
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lists and, 329-330with names, 323-3
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multivolume dissertation, 375-376te
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in figure captions, 370function of,
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slash separating lines of, 350posse
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in glossary, 390line breaks and hyp
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from foreign language, 312integrati
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purpose of, 221specific requirement
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esearch method page, 390Reverend, u
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sentencesquoted material ending in,
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See also literature review; note-ta
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hard copy submission, 407-408prepar
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3-em dash, 148-149, 304timeabbrevia
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See also questions, researchtransit
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as primary sources, 25reference lis
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www.itpub.net
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