A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

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24.2.1 Personal NamesIn general, do not abbreviate a person's first (Benj. Franklin) or last name. Once you haveused a full name in text, use just the person's last name in subsequent references. However, ifyou are referring to more than one person with that last name, spell out their names fully oneach use to avoid confusion (Alice James, William James). If you refer to these names veryfrequently in your paper, you may instead use abbreviations that you devise (AJ, WJ), but besure to treat these abbreviations as described in 24.1.2.Some individuals are known primarily by initials in place of a first and/ or middle name.Such initials should be followed by a period and a space. If you abbreviate an entire name,however, omit periods and spaces.G. K. ChestertonbutJFKM. F. K. FisherbutFDRSocial titles such as Ms. and Mr. should always be abbreviated and capitalized, followed bya period. In most papers, however, you need not use such titles unless there is a possibility ofconfusion, such as referring to either a husband or wife.Write abbreviations such as Sr., Jr., III (or 3rd), and IV (or 4th) without commas beforethem. Use them only after a full name, not with a surname alone, although royal and religiousfigures may be known only by a first name. Do not spell out the term when it is part of a name(for example, not John Smith Junior).Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.William J. Kaufmann IIIMary II24.2.2 Professional TitlesSome individuals have civil, military, or religious titles such as the following along with theirpersonal names. Many of these titles are conventionally abbreviated rather than spelled out intext when they precede and are treated as part of a personal name. Since they are all shortenedforms of official (proper) titles, only the first letter is capitalized, and they are followed byperiods.Adm. - AdmiralAld. - Alderman, AlderwomanAtty. Gen. - Attorney GeneralCapt. - CaptainCol. - ColonelDist. Atty. - District AttorneyDr. - DoctorFr. - Fatherwww.itpub.net
Gen. - GeneralGov. - GovernorHon. - HonorableLt. - LieutenantLt. Col. - Lieutenant ColonelMaj. - MajorPres. - PresidentRep. - RepresentativeRev. - ReverendSen. - SenatorSgt. - SergeantSr. - SisterSt. - SaintOn first reference to an individual with such a title, use the abbreviation with the person'sfull name. (If you prefer, you may always spell out the titles, but do so consistently.) Forsubsequent references, you may usually give just the person's last name, but if you need torepeat the title (to distinguish two people with similar names, or as a disciplinary sign ofrespect), give the spelled-out title with the last name. Never use Reverend or Honorableexcept with a full name, in which case the title should be preceded by the word the.Sen. Barack ObamaSenator ObamaGen. Richard MyersGeneral MyersRev. Jane Schaeferthe Reverend Jane SchaeferIf you use one of these titles alone or after a personal name, it becomes a generic term andshould be lowercased and spelled out.the senator from IllinoisMyers served as a generalAn exception to the general pattern is Dr. Use either the abbreviation Dr. before the name,or the official abbreviation for the degree (see 24.2.3), set off with two commas, after thename. Do not use both together.Dr. Lauren Shapiro discovered the cause of the outbreak.Lauren Shapiro, MD, discovered . . .Dr. Shapiro discovered . . .The doctor discovered . . .In addition to academic degrees, here are a few other professional titles that may beabbreviated following a personal name. Such titles should be set off with commas, as in theexamples above.JP - justice of the peaceLPN - licensed practical nurseMP - member of ParliamentSJ - Society of Jesus
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A Manual for Writers of Research Pa
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Indexing BooksNancy C. MulvanyGetti
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Part I Research and Writing: From P
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15 General Introduction to Citation
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Appendix: Paper Format and Submissi
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that have emerged since 2003 and th
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We first discuss the aims of resear
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You may think your report will add
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1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That R
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That impulse is understandable. But
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You might even post those five goal
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knowledge:masks in religious ceremo
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9. Look for questions that other re
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esearch. You can, of course, look f
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If you can think of only one or two
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3.3.2 Skim the Internet3.3.3 Talk t
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understand what you think until you
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translator(s)What data identify the
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(Bibliographic Index is a bibliogra
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Skim bibliographies of recent books
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influential a source is by how ofte
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4.5 Review Your Progress4.5.1 Searc
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PART-WHOLE CONTRADICTIONS. You can
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label the places (see fig. 4.1, wit
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major reasons, and so on). Highligh
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two, and if you take notes on a com
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4.6 Manage Moments of Normal PanicT
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good research report, readers hear
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think your answer is significant, i
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differently, you must acknowledge a
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Around here, when it's a warm night
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To accept that claim, readers must
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5.6 Assemble an ArgumentHere is a s
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6.2.6).6.2 Create a Plan That Meets
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2. Rephrase your question as a lack
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You can follow the same procedure t
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its end expressing its point. That
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7.10 Guard against Inappropriate As
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y their lack of original thinking.
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Now might I do it [kill him] pat, n
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As one invention begets another one
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2. What help must you acknowledge i
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families were headed by a single mo
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A.3.1 on creating and inserting tab
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1. Include only relevant data. If y
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BAR CHARTS. Bar charts communicate
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Figure 8.7 shows how a stacked bar
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that states the claim you want the
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www.itpub.net
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9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Repo
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Of each section, ask What question
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give them a framework for understan
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you just surveyed:Ever since Girola
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Be sure to include in these openers
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11.5 Give It Up and Print It OutYou
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principal demonstrates that she is
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squeezed into so little volume chan
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Most instructors and editors do agr
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problem is the ones you are sure of
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comments so that you can do better
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13.1.2 Understand the Difference be
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of us do), you can then skip to the
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want to listen to them. Your aims a
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15.2.2 Information Required in Cita
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journal, collection, or series it a
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deciding how much change counts as
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You can assemble your bibliography
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information about the source (autho
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3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Transla
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16.1.3 CapitalizationCapitalize mos
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university may specify that you sho
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You may choose to include in your b
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16.3.5 Complex NotesCITATIONS. If y
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full note.N: 5. Jan H. Kalicki and
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number of a reference is the same a
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17.1.2 Title17.1.3 Edition17.1.4 Vo
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17.7 Informally Published Electroni
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17.1 BooksBooks reflect a wider ran
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4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. R
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Many Spanish last names are compoun
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B: Aaron, Henry. Why Is Welfare So
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B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doc
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Cambridge, MA: MIT PressChapel Hill
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illustration number.N: 50. Richard
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N: 3. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schu
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download or other delivery from a b
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B: Jenkins, J. Craig, David Jacobs,
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B: Schapiro, Mark. “New Power for
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Articles published online. For onli
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parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). Y
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N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia:
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17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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Locating information. Although some
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consistently, and adapt the general
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For video recordings, see 17.8.5; f
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with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Publish
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note.N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massa
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Executive departments, bureaus, and
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Lower federal courts. For lower fed
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them in your bibliography, although
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Style: The Basic Form18.1 Basic Pat
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In reference list entries, separate
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R: Chapter Author's Last Name, Chap
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If your reference list includes two
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18.3.1 Placement in TextWhenever yo
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citations. See 16.3.2-16.3.4 for no
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19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs19.5.9 On
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This chapter provides detailed info
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(Menchú 1999, 50-51)(Adorno and Be
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Van Rensselaer, StephenMedici, Lore
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Dates. Use a comma to set off dates
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When you cite an edition other than
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Some numbered series have existed f
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SPECIAL TYPES OF LOCATORS. Some par
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Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to M
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19.2.1 Author's NameGive authors' n
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For a reference list entry, give th
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the magazine in place of the author
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15.4.1). Note that a URL alone is n
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traditional or shorter abbreviation
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In your reference list, cite works
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19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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followed by to and the name of the
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enclosed in quotation marks. Use he
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P: (Federal Express, “Caveman”
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If your paper is in literary studie
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R: U.S. Congress. Congressional Rec
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U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Me
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language, provide the page number a
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United Kingdom. n.d. Rotuli parliam
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Page 359 and 360: TITLE PAGE. Class papers should beg
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class paper) includes many foreign
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www.itpub.net
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CHAPTERS. Most theses and dissertat
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that appear together without interv
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Examples of such material would be
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A.3 Submission RequirementsA.3.1 Pr
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Keep a table that cannot be present
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multimedia files.BibliographyThere
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The Booklist. Chicago: American Lib
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1. Bowman, John S., ed. The Cambrid
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Visual Representation of Data (Tabl
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4. Walford, Albert J., Anthony Chal
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University Press, 2004.2. Ward, Sir
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3. Øyen, Else, ed. Comparative Met
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http://www netlibrary.com.2. Warner
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EducationGeography4. Journal of Eco
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5. Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of
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Sociology3. Kennedy, J. Library Res
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1. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scient
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Chemistry4. Genetics Citation Index
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MathematicsPhysics2. Seyfert, Carl
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Chicago. He is the author of Style:
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of abbreviations list, 389in biblio
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See also figuresBC, 328, 339BCE, 32
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visual and performing arts, sources
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URLs, 177of words derived from pers
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working hypothesis as, 50-51See als
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headline-style capitalization and,
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of journal articles, citation of in
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drama. See plays; theater, citation
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eference list-style citation of, 25
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highlights in, 86-87inserted into f
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front matter, 377-391; abstract, 39
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See also figures; graphicsgrouped b
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methods of research illustrated on,
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as topic source, 14, 17journal writ
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magazinesbibliography-style citatio
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newspapersabbreviation of, 336-337a
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lists and, 329-330with names, 323-3
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multivolume dissertation, 375-376te
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in figure captions, 370function of,
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slash separating lines of, 350posse
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in glossary, 390line breaks and hyp
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from foreign language, 312integrati
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purpose of, 221specific requirement
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esearch method page, 390Reverend, u
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sentencesquoted material ending in,
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See also literature review; note-ta
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hard copy submission, 407-408prepar
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3-em dash, 148-149, 304timeabbrevia
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See also questions, researchtransit
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as primary sources, 25reference lis
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www.itpub.net
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