A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

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its end expressing its point. That point might be a reason, a response to a different point ofview, or a warrant you must explain. In a section that you think will be longer than five pagesor so, you might state its point both at the end of its introduction and again in a conclusion.6.2.8 For Each Section, Sketch in Evidence, Acknowledgments, Warrants, andSummariesIn their relevant sections, sketch out the parts of your argument. Remember that many ofthose parts will themselves make a point that must be supported by smaller arguments.EVIDENCE. Most sections consist primarily of evidence supporting reasons. Sketch theevidence after the reason it supports. If you have different kinds of evidence supporting thesame reason, group and order them in a way that makes sense to your readers.EXPLANATIONS OF EVIDENCE. You may have to explain your evidence—where it camefrom, why it's reliable, exactly how it supports a reason. Usually, these explanations followthe evidence, but you can sketch them before if that seems more logical.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND RESPONSES. Imagine what readers might object to and where,then sketch a response. Responses are typically subarguments with at least a claim andreasons, often including evidence and even another response to an imagined objection to yourresponse.WARRANTS. If you think you need a warrant to justify the relevance of a reason, develop itbefore you state the reason. (If you're using a warrant only for emphasis, put it after thereason.) If you think readers will question the truth of the warrant, sketch a mini-argument tosupport it. If readers might think that your reason or claim isn't a valid instance of the warrant,sketch an argument that it is.SUMMARIES. If your paper is more than twenty or so pages, you might briefly summarize theprogress of your argument at the end of each major section, especially if your report is factheavyin dates, names, events, or numbers. One fact after another can blur the line of anargument. What have you established in this section? How does your argument shape up thusfar? If in your final draft those summaries seem too obvious, cut them.Writers in different fields may arrange these elements in slightly different ways, but theelements themselves and their principles of organization are the same in every field andprofession. And what is key in every report, regardless of field, is that you must order theparts of your argument not merely to reflect your own thinking, but to help your readersunderstand it.6.2.9 Sketch a Working ConclusionYou should have stated your concluding claim at the top of the conclusion page of yourstoryboard. If you can add to the significance of that claim (another answer to So what?),sketch it after the claim (see 10.3 for more on conclusions).www.itpub.net
6.3 File Away LeftoversOnce you have a first plan, you may discover that you have a lot of material left that doesn'tfit into it. Resist the impulse to shoehorn leftovers into your report in the belief that if youfound it, your readers should read it. In fact, if you don't have more leftovers than what youused, you may not have done enough research. File away leftovers for future use. They maycontain the seeds of another project.7 Drafting Your Report7.1 Draft in the Way That Feels Most Comfortable7.2 Develop Productive Drafting Habits7.3 Use Your Key Terms to Keep Yourself on Track7.4 Quote, Paraphrase, and Summarize Appropriately7.5 Integrate Quotations into Your Text7.6 Use Footnotes and Endnotes Judiciously7.7 Interpret Complex or Detailed Evidence before You Offer It7.8 Be Open to Surprises7.9 Guard against Inadvertent Plagiarism7.9.1 Signal Every Quotation, Even When You Cite Its Source7.9.2 Don't Paraphrase Too Closely7.9.3 Usually Cite a Source for Ideas Not Your Own7.9.4 Don't Plead Ignorance, Misunderstanding, or Innocent Intentions
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A Manual for Writers of Research Pa
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Indexing BooksNancy C. MulvanyGetti
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Part I Research and Writing: From P
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15 General Introduction to Citation
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Appendix: Paper Format and Submissi
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that have emerged since 2003 and th
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We first discuss the aims of resear
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You may think your report will add
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1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That R
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That impulse is understandable. But
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You might even post those five goal
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Page 32 and 33: 3.3.2 Skim the Internet3.3.3 Talk t
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Page 68 and 69: 6.2.6).6.2 Create a Plan That Meets
Page 70 and 71: 2. Rephrase your question as a lack
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Page 86 and 87: families were headed by a single mo
Page 88 and 89: A.3.1 on creating and inserting tab
Page 90 and 91: 1. Include only relevant data. If y
Page 92 and 93: BAR CHARTS. Bar charts communicate
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Page 100 and 101: 9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Repo
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of us do), you can then skip to the
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want to listen to them. Your aims a
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15.2.2 Information Required in Cita
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journal, collection, or series it a
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deciding how much change counts as
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You can assemble your bibliography
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information about the source (autho
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3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Transla
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16.1.3 CapitalizationCapitalize mos
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university may specify that you sho
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You may choose to include in your b
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16.3.5 Complex NotesCITATIONS. If y
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full note.N: 5. Jan H. Kalicki and
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number of a reference is the same a
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17.1.2 Title17.1.3 Edition17.1.4 Vo
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17.7 Informally Published Electroni
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17.1 BooksBooks reflect a wider ran
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4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. R
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Many Spanish last names are compoun
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B: Aaron, Henry. Why Is Welfare So
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B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doc
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Cambridge, MA: MIT PressChapel Hill
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illustration number.N: 50. Richard
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N: 3. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schu
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download or other delivery from a b
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B: Jenkins, J. Craig, David Jacobs,
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B: Schapiro, Mark. “New Power for
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Articles published online. For onli
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parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). Y
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N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia:
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17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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Locating information. Although some
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consistently, and adapt the general
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For video recordings, see 17.8.5; f
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with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Publish
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note.N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massa
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Executive departments, bureaus, and
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Lower federal courts. For lower fed
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them in your bibliography, although
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Style: The Basic Form18.1 Basic Pat
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In reference list entries, separate
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R: Chapter Author's Last Name, Chap
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If your reference list includes two
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18.3.1 Placement in TextWhenever yo
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citations. See 16.3.2-16.3.4 for no
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19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs19.5.9 On
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This chapter provides detailed info
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(Menchú 1999, 50-51)(Adorno and Be
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Van Rensselaer, StephenMedici, Lore
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Dates. Use a comma to set off dates
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When you cite an edition other than
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Some numbered series have existed f
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SPECIAL TYPES OF LOCATORS. Some par
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Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to M
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19.2.1 Author's NameGive authors' n
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For a reference list entry, give th
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the magazine in place of the author
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15.4.1). Note that a URL alone is n
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traditional or shorter abbreviation
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In your reference list, cite works
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19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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followed by to and the name of the
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enclosed in quotation marks. Use he
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P: (Federal Express, “Caveman”
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If your paper is in literary studie
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R: U.S. Congress. Congressional Rec
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U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Me
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language, provide the page number a
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United Kingdom. n.d. Rotuli parliam
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20.3 Compounds and Words Formed wit
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ABBREVIATIONS. Form plurals of abbr
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the role of the United Statesinstea
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foodbornechildlikeworldwideExceptio
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French Canadian explorerMiddle East
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when the prefix precedes a compound
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Abbreviations. Do not break abbrevi
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Special elements such as abbreviati
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Do not use commas when all the elem
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commas when such elements do not br
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If the included question is at the
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21.8.2 BracketsBrackets are most of
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We have noted similar motifs in Jap
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Chiang Kai-shekthe Honda Motor Comp
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treaties, government programs, and
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22.2.2 Words Defined as TermsTo emp
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given with an initial capital only.
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Web sites referred to generally (MS
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so, be consistent.If you are writin
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ROUND NUMBERS. Spell out a round nu
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23.1.6 Names with NumbersSome types
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In most numbers of four or more dig
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The research was conducted over sev
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do not, reconsider the structure of
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disciplines. If you are writing a p
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24.2.1 Personal NamesIn general, do
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24.2.3 Academic DegreesYou may use
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She was ineligible for the presiden
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24.4 Time and Dates24.4.1 TimeYou m
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Depending on the context, you may e
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24.6.3 New TestamentNote that the a
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parenthetical statements in the tex
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25.3.1 Permissible Changes25.3.2 Om
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The same placement options apply to
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R. ROISTER DOISTER. Except I have h
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INSERTIONS. If you need to insert a
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If you omit material between senten
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sometimes used interchangeably with
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Sources: Data from Richard H. Adams
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This grid of columns (vertical) and
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26.2.5 The StubThe leftmost column
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designate notes with asterisks, bot
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sentences. Such captions are also c
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hand) before submitting it. Softwar
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Many departments and universities h
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www.itpub.net
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www.itpub.net
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TITLE PAGE. Class papers should beg
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—New York Sun, February 13, 1917E
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class paper) includes many foreign
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www.itpub.net
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CHAPTERS. Most theses and dissertat
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that appear together without interv
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Examples of such material would be
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A.3 Submission RequirementsA.3.1 Pr
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Keep a table that cannot be present
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multimedia files.BibliographyThere
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The Booklist. Chicago: American Lib
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1. Bowman, John S., ed. The Cambrid
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Visual Representation of Data (Tabl
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4. Walford, Albert J., Anthony Chal
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University Press, 2004.2. Ward, Sir
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3. Øyen, Else, ed. Comparative Met
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http://www netlibrary.com.2. Warner
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EducationGeography4. Journal of Eco
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5. Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of
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Sociology3. Kennedy, J. Library Res
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1. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scient
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Chemistry4. Genetics Citation Index
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MathematicsPhysics2. Seyfert, Carl
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Chicago. He is the author of Style:
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of abbreviations list, 389in biblio
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See also figuresBC, 328, 339BCE, 32
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visual and performing arts, sources
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URLs, 177of words derived from pers
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working hypothesis as, 50-51See als
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headline-style capitalization and,
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of journal articles, citation of in
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drama. See plays; theater, citation
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eference list-style citation of, 25
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highlights in, 86-87inserted into f
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front matter, 377-391; abstract, 39
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See also figures; graphicsgrouped b
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methods of research illustrated on,
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as topic source, 14, 17journal writ
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magazinesbibliography-style citatio
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newspapersabbreviation of, 336-337a
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lists and, 329-330with names, 323-3
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multivolume dissertation, 375-376te
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in figure captions, 370function of,
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slash separating lines of, 350posse
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in glossary, 390line breaks and hyp
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from foreign language, 312integrati
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purpose of, 221specific requirement
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esearch method page, 390Reverend, u
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sentencesquoted material ending in,
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See also literature review; note-ta
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hard copy submission, 407-408prepar
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3-em dash, 148-149, 304timeabbrevia
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See also questions, researchtransit
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as primary sources, 25reference lis
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www.itpub.net
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