A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

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3.3.2 Skim the Internet3.3.3 Talk to Reference Librarians3.3.4 Browse in Your Reference Area3.3.5 Skim a Few Specialized Reference Works3.3.6 Search Your Library Catalog3.3.7 Search Guides to Periodical Literature3.3.8 Browse the Shelves3.3.9 For Advanced Projects, Follow Bibliographic Trails3.4 Evaluate Sources for Relevance and Reliability3.4.1 Evaluate the Relevance of Sources3.4.2 Evaluate the Reliability of Print Sources3.4.3 Evaluate the Reliability of Online Sources3.5 Look beyond the Usual Kinds of ReferencesOnce you have at least a question and perhaps a working hypothesis along with a fewtentative reasons for supporting it, you can start looking for the data you'll need to supportyour reasons and test your hypothesis. In this chapter we explain how to find those data and inthe next how to work with them. But don't think of finding sources and reading them asseparate steps. Once you have a promising source, read it to find other sources. And as youfill your storyboard with notes, you'll discover gaps and new questions that only more sourcescan fill. So while we discuss finding and using sources as two steps, you'll more often dothem repeatedly and simultaneously.3.1 Understand the Kinds of Sources Readers Expect You to Usewww.itpub.net
Depending on your experience, readers will expect you to use different levels of sources,called primary, secondary, and tertiary (think first-, second-, and thirdhand). These aren'tsharply defined categories, but they roughly characterize how researchers think about mostsources.3.1.1 Consult Primary Sources for EvidenceIn fields such as literary studies, the arts, and history, primary sources are original works—diaries, letters, manuscripts, images, films, film scripts, recordings, and musical scores createdby writers, artists, composers, and so on. Those sources provide data—the words, images, andsounds that you use as evidence to support your reasons. Data can also be objects: coins,clothing, tools, and other artifacts from the period or belonging to a person you're studying.In fields such as economics, psychology, chemistry, and so on, researchers typically collectdata through observation and experiment. In others, researchers gather evidence throughinterviews. (To conduct effective interviews, you must use reliable methods for eliciting andrecording the information you collect.) In such fields, evidence consists of the data thatresearchers collect. The primary sources for those collected data are the publications that firstpublish them, ranging from government and commercial databases to scholarly journals.Experienced researchers look for data in primary sources first. If, for example, you werewriting on Alamo stories, you'd try to find sources written at the time—letters, diaries,eyewitness reports, and so on.3.1.2 Read Secondary Sources to Learn from Other ResearchersSecondary sources are books and articles that analyze primary sources, usually written by andfor other researchers. A report in a scholarly journal analyzing Alamo stories would be asecondary source for researchers working on those stories. Secondary sources also includespecialized encyclopedias and dictionaries that offer essays written by scholars in a field. Youuse secondary sources for three purposes:1. To Keep Up with Current Research. Researchers read secondary sources to keep up withthe work of other researchers, to inform and refine their thinking, and to motivate theirown work by adding to a published line of research.2. To Find Other Points of View. A research report is not complete until the researcheracknowledges and responds to the views of others and to his readers' predictable questionsand disagreements (see 5.4.3). You can find most of those other points of view insecondary sources. What alternatives to your ideas do they offer? What evidence do theycite that you must acknowledge? Some new researchers think they weaken their case ifthey mention any view opposing their own. The truth is the opposite. When youacknowledge competing views, you show readers that you not only know those views butcan confidently respond to them (for more on this, see 5.4.3).More important, you must use those competing views to improve your own. You can't
Page 2 and 3: A Manual for Writers of Research Pa
Page 4 and 5: Indexing BooksNancy C. MulvanyGetti
Page 6 and 7: Part I Research and Writing: From P
Page 8 and 9: 15 General Introduction to Citation
Page 10 and 11: Appendix: Paper Format and Submissi
Page 12 and 13: that have emerged since 2003 and th
Page 14 and 15: We first discuss the aims of resear
Page 16 and 17: You may think your report will add
Page 18 and 19: 1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That R
Page 20 and 21: That impulse is understandable. But
Page 22 and 23: You might even post those five goal
Page 24 and 25: knowledge:masks in religious ceremo
Page 26 and 27: 9. Look for questions that other re
Page 28 and 29: esearch. You can, of course, look f
Page 30 and 31: If you can think of only one or two
Page 34 and 35: understand what you think until you
Page 36 and 37: translator(s)What data identify the
Page 38 and 39: (Bibliographic Index is a bibliogra
Page 40 and 41: Skim bibliographies of recent books
Page 42 and 43: influential a source is by how ofte
Page 44 and 45: 4.5 Review Your Progress4.5.1 Searc
Page 46 and 47: PART-WHOLE CONTRADICTIONS. You can
Page 48 and 49: label the places (see fig. 4.1, wit
Page 50 and 51: major reasons, and so on). Highligh
Page 52 and 53: two, and if you take notes on a com
Page 54 and 55: 4.6 Manage Moments of Normal PanicT
Page 56 and 57: good research report, readers hear
Page 58 and 59: think your answer is significant, i
Page 60 and 61: differently, you must acknowledge a
Page 62 and 63: Around here, when it's a warm night
Page 64 and 65: To accept that claim, readers must
Page 66 and 67: 5.6 Assemble an ArgumentHere is a s
Page 68 and 69: 6.2.6).6.2 Create a Plan That Meets
Page 70 and 71: 2. Rephrase your question as a lack
Page 72 and 73: You can follow the same procedure t
Page 74 and 75: its end expressing its point. That
Page 76 and 77: 7.10 Guard against Inappropriate As
Page 78 and 79: y their lack of original thinking.
Page 80 and 81: Now might I do it [kill him] pat, n
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As one invention begets another one
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2. What help must you acknowledge i
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families were headed by a single mo
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A.3.1 on creating and inserting tab
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1. Include only relevant data. If y
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BAR CHARTS. Bar charts communicate
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Figure 8.7 shows how a stacked bar
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that states the claim you want the
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www.itpub.net
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9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Repo
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Of each section, ask What question
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give them a framework for understan
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you just surveyed:Ever since Girola
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Be sure to include in these openers
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11.5 Give It Up and Print It OutYou
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principal demonstrates that she is
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squeezed into so little volume chan
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Most instructors and editors do agr
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problem is the ones you are sure of
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comments so that you can do better
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13.1.2 Understand the Difference be
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of us do), you can then skip to the
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want to listen to them. Your aims a
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15.2.2 Information Required in Cita
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journal, collection, or series it a
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deciding how much change counts as
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You can assemble your bibliography
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information about the source (autho
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3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Transla
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16.1.3 CapitalizationCapitalize mos
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university may specify that you sho
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You may choose to include in your b
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16.3.5 Complex NotesCITATIONS. If y
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full note.N: 5. Jan H. Kalicki and
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number of a reference is the same a
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17.1.2 Title17.1.3 Edition17.1.4 Vo
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17.7 Informally Published Electroni
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17.1 BooksBooks reflect a wider ran
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4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. R
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Many Spanish last names are compoun
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B: Aaron, Henry. Why Is Welfare So
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B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doc
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Cambridge, MA: MIT PressChapel Hill
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illustration number.N: 50. Richard
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N: 3. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schu
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download or other delivery from a b
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B: Jenkins, J. Craig, David Jacobs,
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B: Schapiro, Mark. “New Power for
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Articles published online. For onli
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parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). Y
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N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia:
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17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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Locating information. Although some
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consistently, and adapt the general
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For video recordings, see 17.8.5; f
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with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Publish
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note.N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massa
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Executive departments, bureaus, and
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Lower federal courts. For lower fed
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them in your bibliography, although
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Style: The Basic Form18.1 Basic Pat
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In reference list entries, separate
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R: Chapter Author's Last Name, Chap
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If your reference list includes two
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18.3.1 Placement in TextWhenever yo
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citations. See 16.3.2-16.3.4 for no
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19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs19.5.9 On
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This chapter provides detailed info
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(Menchú 1999, 50-51)(Adorno and Be
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Van Rensselaer, StephenMedici, Lore
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Dates. Use a comma to set off dates
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When you cite an edition other than
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Some numbered series have existed f
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SPECIAL TYPES OF LOCATORS. Some par
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Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to M
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19.2.1 Author's NameGive authors' n
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For a reference list entry, give th
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the magazine in place of the author
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15.4.1). Note that a URL alone is n
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traditional or shorter abbreviation
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In your reference list, cite works
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19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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followed by to and the name of the
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enclosed in quotation marks. Use he
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P: (Federal Express, “Caveman”
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If your paper is in literary studie
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R: U.S. Congress. Congressional Rec
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U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Me
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language, provide the page number a
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United Kingdom. n.d. Rotuli parliam
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20.3 Compounds and Words Formed wit
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ABBREVIATIONS. Form plurals of abbr
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the role of the United Statesinstea
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foodbornechildlikeworldwideExceptio
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French Canadian explorerMiddle East
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when the prefix precedes a compound
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Abbreviations. Do not break abbrevi
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Special elements such as abbreviati
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Do not use commas when all the elem
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commas when such elements do not br
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If the included question is at the
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21.8.2 BracketsBrackets are most of
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We have noted similar motifs in Jap
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Chiang Kai-shekthe Honda Motor Comp
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treaties, government programs, and
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22.2.2 Words Defined as TermsTo emp
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given with an initial capital only.
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Web sites referred to generally (MS
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so, be consistent.If you are writin
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ROUND NUMBERS. Spell out a round nu
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23.1.6 Names with NumbersSome types
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In most numbers of four or more dig
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The research was conducted over sev
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do not, reconsider the structure of
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disciplines. If you are writing a p
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24.2.1 Personal NamesIn general, do
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24.2.3 Academic DegreesYou may use
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She was ineligible for the presiden
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24.4 Time and Dates24.4.1 TimeYou m
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Depending on the context, you may e
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24.6.3 New TestamentNote that the a
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parenthetical statements in the tex
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25.3.1 Permissible Changes25.3.2 Om
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The same placement options apply to
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R. ROISTER DOISTER. Except I have h
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INSERTIONS. If you need to insert a
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If you omit material between senten
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sometimes used interchangeably with
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Sources: Data from Richard H. Adams
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This grid of columns (vertical) and
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26.2.5 The StubThe leftmost column
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designate notes with asterisks, bot
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sentences. Such captions are also c
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hand) before submitting it. Softwar
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Many departments and universities h
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www.itpub.net
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www.itpub.net
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TITLE PAGE. Class papers should beg
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—New York Sun, February 13, 1917E
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class paper) includes many foreign
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www.itpub.net
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CHAPTERS. Most theses and dissertat
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that appear together without interv
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Examples of such material would be
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A.3 Submission RequirementsA.3.1 Pr
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Keep a table that cannot be present
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multimedia files.BibliographyThere
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The Booklist. Chicago: American Lib
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1. Bowman, John S., ed. The Cambrid
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Visual Representation of Data (Tabl
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4. Walford, Albert J., Anthony Chal
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University Press, 2004.2. Ward, Sir
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3. Øyen, Else, ed. Comparative Met
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http://www netlibrary.com.2. Warner
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EducationGeography4. Journal of Eco
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5. Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of
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Sociology3. Kennedy, J. Library Res
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1. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scient
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Chemistry4. Genetics Citation Index
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MathematicsPhysics2. Seyfert, Carl
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Chicago. He is the author of Style:
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of abbreviations list, 389in biblio
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See also figuresBC, 328, 339BCE, 32
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visual and performing arts, sources
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URLs, 177of words derived from pers
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working hypothesis as, 50-51See als
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headline-style capitalization and,
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of journal articles, citation of in
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drama. See plays; theater, citation
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eference list-style citation of, 25
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highlights in, 86-87inserted into f
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front matter, 377-391; abstract, 39
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See also figures; graphicsgrouped b
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methods of research illustrated on,
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as topic source, 14, 17journal writ
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magazinesbibliography-style citatio
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newspapersabbreviation of, 336-337a
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lists and, 329-330with names, 323-3
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multivolume dissertation, 375-376te
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in figure captions, 370function of,
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slash separating lines of, 350posse
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in glossary, 390line breaks and hyp
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from foreign language, 312integrati
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purpose of, 221specific requirement
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esearch method page, 390Reverend, u
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sentencesquoted material ending in,
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See also literature review; note-ta
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hard copy submission, 407-408prepar
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3-em dash, 148-149, 304timeabbrevia
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See also questions, researchtransit
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as primary sources, 25reference lis
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www.itpub.net
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