A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

—New York Sun, February 13, 1917Epigraphs may also appear at the beginning of a chapter or section; see 25.2.2 and figure A.9.TABLE OF CONTENTS. All papers divided into chapters require a table of contents. Numberall pages of this element with roman numerals. Label the first page Contents at the top of thepage. If the table of contents is more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blanklines between the title and the first item listed. Single-space individual items listed, but leave ablank line between items.A table of contents does not list pages that precede it (submission page, title page,copyright or blank page, dedication, epigraph) but should begin with the front matter pagesthat follow it. Following these items, list in order the parts, chapters, or other units of the text,and then the elements of the back matter. If you have subheads in the text (see A.2.2), includeonly the first and second levels unless further levels are specific enough to give readers anaccurate overview of your paper. Be sure that the wording, capitalization, number style(arabic, roman, or spelled out), and typography of all titles and subheads (see A.1.5) matchexactly those in the paper.Give page numbers only for the first page of each element (not the full span of pages), anduse lowercase roman or arabic numerals as on the pages themselves. List page numbers flushright and, if you choose, use a line of periods or dots (called leaders) to lead a reader's eyefrom each title to the page number.Figure A.3 shows a sample table of contents for a paper with a simple structure. Part andchapter titles appear flush left, with page numbers flush right.For a more complex paper, follow the logic of your paper's organization unless your localguidelines require a specific format. Figure A.4 shows the second page of a long table ofcontents. Note that you may center part titles or volume numbers (if relevant; see A.1.4)above the relevant chapters and use the word Chapter as a heading above the column listingchapter numbers. To distinguish chapter titles and subheadings more clearly, you may indentthe subheadings, with each level consistently indented a half inch to the right of the precedinglevel.If your thesis or dissertation will be bound in more than one volume, you may need torepeat the table of contents, or at least the relevant listings from it, in each volume after thefirst. Consult your local guidelines.LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, OR ILLUSTRATIONS. If your thesis or dissertation (or, in somecases, your class paper) includes figures, tables, or both, list them in the front matter. Numberall pages of such a list with roman numerals. If your paper includes only figures (see chapter26 for definitions), label the first page Figures at the top of the page; if it includes only tables,label it Tables instead. If the list is more than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave twoblank lines between the title and the first item listed. Single-space individual items listed, butleave a blank line between items. Figure A.5 shows a sample list of tables.If your paper includes both figures and tables, your local guidelines may allow you tocombine them into a single list. Label the list Illustrations (following the pattern described