A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

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24.2.3 Academic DegreesYou may use abbreviations in text and elsewhere for the common academic degrees noted inthe following list. Some are initialisms (see 24.1.1), which are written in capital letters,without periods or spaces. Others contain both initials and shortened terms and therefore bothcapital and lowercase letters, usually without periods or spaces. If you are writing a thesis or adissertation, however, your department or university guidelines may require that you formatthese degrees (and possibly also the initialisms) with internal periods, as shown inparentheses.AB - Artium Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Arts)AM - Artium Magister (Master of Arts)BA - Bachelor of ArtsBD - Bachelor of DivinityBFA - Bachelor of Fine ArtsBM - Bachelor of MusicBS - Bachelor of ScienceDB - Divinitatis Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Divinity)DD - Divinitatis Doctor (Doctor of Divinity)DMin (D.Min.) - Doctor of MinistryEdD - Doctor of EducationJD - Juris Doctor (Doctor of Law)LHD - Litterarum Humaniorum Doctor (Doctor of Humanities)LittD (Litt.D.) - Litterarum Doctor (Doctor of Letters)LLB (LL.B.) - Legum Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Laws)LLD (LL.D.) - Legum Doctor (Doctor of Laws)MA - Master of ArtsMBA - Master of Business AdministrationMD - Medicinae Doctor (Doctor of Medicine)MFA - Master of Fine ArtsMS - Master of SciencePhB (Ph.B.) - Philosophiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Philosophy)PhD (Ph.D.) - Philosophiae Doctor (Doctor of Philosophy)SB - Scientiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Science)SM - Scientiae Magister (Master of Science)STB - Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Sacred Theology)24.2.4 Agencies, Companies, and Other OrganizationsYou may use abbreviations in text and elsewhere for the names of government agencies,broadcasting companies, associations, fraternal and service organizations, unions, and othergroups that are commonly known by acronyms or initialisms (see 24.1.1). Spell out the fullname on first reference, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses (see 24.1.2). Suchabbreviations are in full capitals with no periods. Here is a representative list of suchabbreviations; other names within these categories (for example, ABA, CBS, and NEH)should be treated similarly.AAASAFL-CIOAMAwww.itpub.net
AT&TCDCCNNEUFTCHMONAACPNAFTANFLNIMHNSFOPECTVAUNUNESCOVAWHOYMCAIf a company is not commonly known by an abbreviation, spell out and capitalize its namein the text. You may omit the terms Inc. or Ltd. from the name, and do not capitalize the wordthe at the beginning of the name.Merck and Companythe University of Chicago PressIn tables, figures, and citations, you may also use the following abbreviations in companynames. Note the differences in capitalization and punctuation.Assoc.Bros.Co.Corp.Inc.LP (limited partnership)Ltd.Mfg.PLC (public limited company)RR (railroad)Ry. (railway)24.3 Geographical Terms24.3.1 Place-NamesIn text, always spell out and capitalize the names of countries, states, counties, provinces,territories, bodies of water, mountains, and the like (see 22.1.1). One exception is the formerUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics, commonly referred to as the former USSR.Always spell out United States when using it as a noun. When using it as an adjective, youmay either abbreviate it to U.S. or spell it out (for a more formal tone). By convention, itincludes periods, even though it is an acronym.
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A Manual for Writers of Research Pa
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Indexing BooksNancy C. MulvanyGetti
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Part I Research and Writing: From P
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15 General Introduction to Citation
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Appendix: Paper Format and Submissi
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that have emerged since 2003 and th
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We first discuss the aims of resear
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You may think your report will add
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1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That R
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That impulse is understandable. But
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You might even post those five goal
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knowledge:masks in religious ceremo
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9. Look for questions that other re
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esearch. You can, of course, look f
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If you can think of only one or two
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3.3.2 Skim the Internet3.3.3 Talk t
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understand what you think until you
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translator(s)What data identify the
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(Bibliographic Index is a bibliogra
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Skim bibliographies of recent books
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influential a source is by how ofte
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4.5 Review Your Progress4.5.1 Searc
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PART-WHOLE CONTRADICTIONS. You can
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label the places (see fig. 4.1, wit
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major reasons, and so on). Highligh
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two, and if you take notes on a com
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4.6 Manage Moments of Normal PanicT
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good research report, readers hear
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think your answer is significant, i
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differently, you must acknowledge a
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Around here, when it's a warm night
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To accept that claim, readers must
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5.6 Assemble an ArgumentHere is a s
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6.2.6).6.2 Create a Plan That Meets
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2. Rephrase your question as a lack
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You can follow the same procedure t
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its end expressing its point. That
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7.10 Guard against Inappropriate As
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y their lack of original thinking.
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Now might I do it [kill him] pat, n
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As one invention begets another one
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2. What help must you acknowledge i
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families were headed by a single mo
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A.3.1 on creating and inserting tab
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1. Include only relevant data. If y
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BAR CHARTS. Bar charts communicate
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Figure 8.7 shows how a stacked bar
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that states the claim you want the
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www.itpub.net
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9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Repo
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Of each section, ask What question
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give them a framework for understan
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you just surveyed:Ever since Girola
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Be sure to include in these openers
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11.5 Give It Up and Print It OutYou
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principal demonstrates that she is
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squeezed into so little volume chan
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Most instructors and editors do agr
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problem is the ones you are sure of
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comments so that you can do better
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13.1.2 Understand the Difference be
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of us do), you can then skip to the
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want to listen to them. Your aims a
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15.2.2 Information Required in Cita
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journal, collection, or series it a
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deciding how much change counts as
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You can assemble your bibliography
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information about the source (autho
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3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Transla
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16.1.3 CapitalizationCapitalize mos
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university may specify that you sho
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You may choose to include in your b
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16.3.5 Complex NotesCITATIONS. If y
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full note.N: 5. Jan H. Kalicki and
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number of a reference is the same a
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17.1.2 Title17.1.3 Edition17.1.4 Vo
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17.7 Informally Published Electroni
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17.1 BooksBooks reflect a wider ran
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4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. R
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Many Spanish last names are compoun
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B: Aaron, Henry. Why Is Welfare So
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B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doc
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Cambridge, MA: MIT PressChapel Hill
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illustration number.N: 50. Richard
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N: 3. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schu
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download or other delivery from a b
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B: Jenkins, J. Craig, David Jacobs,
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B: Schapiro, Mark. “New Power for
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Articles published online. For onli
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parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). Y
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N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia:
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17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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Locating information. Although some
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consistently, and adapt the general
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For video recordings, see 17.8.5; f
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with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Publish
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note.N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massa
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Executive departments, bureaus, and
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Lower federal courts. For lower fed
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them in your bibliography, although
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Style: The Basic Form18.1 Basic Pat
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In reference list entries, separate
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R: Chapter Author's Last Name, Chap
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If your reference list includes two
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18.3.1 Placement in TextWhenever yo
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citations. See 16.3.2-16.3.4 for no
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19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs19.5.9 On
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This chapter provides detailed info
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(Menchú 1999, 50-51)(Adorno and Be
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Van Rensselaer, StephenMedici, Lore
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Dates. Use a comma to set off dates
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When you cite an edition other than
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Some numbered series have existed f
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SPECIAL TYPES OF LOCATORS. Some par
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Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to M
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19.2.1 Author's NameGive authors' n
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For a reference list entry, give th
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the magazine in place of the author
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15.4.1). Note that a URL alone is n
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traditional or shorter abbreviation
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In your reference list, cite works
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19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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followed by to and the name of the
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enclosed in quotation marks. Use he
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P: (Federal Express, “Caveman”
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If your paper is in literary studie
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R: U.S. Congress. Congressional Rec
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U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Me
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language, provide the page number a
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United Kingdom. n.d. Rotuli parliam
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20.3 Compounds and Words Formed wit
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Page 359 and 360: TITLE PAGE. Class papers should beg
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www.itpub.net
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CHAPTERS. Most theses and dissertat
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that appear together without interv
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Examples of such material would be
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A.3 Submission RequirementsA.3.1 Pr
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Keep a table that cannot be present
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multimedia files.BibliographyThere
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The Booklist. Chicago: American Lib
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1. Bowman, John S., ed. The Cambrid
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Visual Representation of Data (Tabl
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4. Walford, Albert J., Anthony Chal
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University Press, 2004.2. Ward, Sir
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3. Øyen, Else, ed. Comparative Met
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http://www netlibrary.com.2. Warner
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EducationGeography4. Journal of Eco
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5. Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of
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Sociology3. Kennedy, J. Library Res
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1. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scient
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Chemistry4. Genetics Citation Index
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MathematicsPhysics2. Seyfert, Carl
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Chicago. He is the author of Style:
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of abbreviations list, 389in biblio
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See also figuresBC, 328, 339BCE, 32
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visual and performing arts, sources
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URLs, 177of words derived from pers
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working hypothesis as, 50-51See als
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headline-style capitalization and,
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of journal articles, citation of in
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drama. See plays; theater, citation
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eference list-style citation of, 25
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highlights in, 86-87inserted into f
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front matter, 377-391; abstract, 39
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See also figures; graphicsgrouped b
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methods of research illustrated on,
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as topic source, 14, 17journal writ
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magazinesbibliography-style citatio
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newspapersabbreviation of, 336-337a
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lists and, 329-330with names, 323-3
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multivolume dissertation, 375-376te
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in figure captions, 370function of,
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slash separating lines of, 350posse
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in glossary, 390line breaks and hyp
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from foreign language, 312integrati
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purpose of, 221specific requirement
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esearch method page, 390Reverend, u
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sentencesquoted material ending in,
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See also literature review; note-ta
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hard copy submission, 407-408prepar
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3-em dash, 148-149, 304timeabbrevia
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See also questions, researchtransit
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as primary sources, 25reference lis
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www.itpub.net
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