A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

More documents

Recommendations

Info

designate notes with asterisks, both within the table and in the note itself. Use a single asteriskfor the lowest level of probability, two for the next higher, and three for the next higher. If,however, you are noting significance levels other than standard ones, use superscript lettersinstead. Because these footnotes are short and they share a single purpose, you may combinethem on the same line, spaced, without intervening punctuation. The letter p (for probability,no period after it) should be lowercase and italic. Omit zeros before decimal points.*p
either in the caption or, if there are many, in a list of abbreviations in your paper's frontmatter (see A.2.1).Label lines, data points, or other items within the chart or graph that require explanationusing either all lowercase letters (for single words) or sentence-style capitalization (forphrases). If phrases and single words both appear, they should all be styled the same (as infig. 8.3). The other principles described above for axis labels also apply to labels of thistype.Avoid shading and color. Even if you print the paper on a color printer, it may be printedor copied later on a black-and-white machine, and the shading and color might notreproduce well. If you use shading, make sure it does not obscure the text of the figure, anddo not use multiple shades, which might not reproduce distinctly.26.3.2 Figure Numbers and CaptionsIn general, every figure in your paper should have a number and a caption. If you include onlya few figures in your paper and do not specifically refer to them in the text, omit the numbers.Figure captions may be presented in a smaller typeface than the rest of your text; consult yourlocal guidelines.On the line below the figure, write the word Figure (flush left, capitalized, in roman type),followed by the figure number (in arabic numerals), followed by a period. After a space, givethe caption, usually followed by a terminal period (but see below). If a caption runs onto morethan one line, the runovers should be flush left, single-spaced.Figure 6. The Great Mosque of Cordoba, eighth to tenth century.In musical examples only, place the figure number and caption above the figure.FIGURE NUMBERS. Number figures separately from tables, in the order in which you mentionthem in the text. If you have only a few figures, number them consecutively throughout thepaper, even across chapters. If you have many figures and many chapters, use doublenumeration: that is, the chapter number, followed by a period, followed by the figure number,as in Figure 12.4.When you refer to a figure in the text, specify the figure number (“in figure 3”) rather thanits location (“below”) because you may end up moving the figure while editing or formattingthe paper. Do not capitalize the word figure in text references to figures, and do not abbreviateit as fig. except in parenthetical references—for example, “(see fig. 10).”FIGURE CAPTIONS. Figure captions are more varied than table titles. In some cases, captionscan consist solely of a noun phrase, capitalized sentence style (see 22.3.1), without a terminalperiod.Figure 9. Mary McLeod Bethune, leader of the Black Cabinet during this eraMore complex captions begin with a noun phrase followed by one or more complete
Page 2 and 3:
A Manual for Writers of Research Pa
Page 4 and 5:
Indexing BooksNancy C. MulvanyGetti
Page 6 and 7:
Part I Research and Writing: From P
Page 8 and 9:
15 General Introduction to Citation
Page 10 and 11:
Appendix: Paper Format and Submissi
Page 12 and 13:
that have emerged since 2003 and th
Page 14 and 15:
We first discuss the aims of resear
Page 16 and 17:
You may think your report will add
Page 18 and 19:
1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That R
Page 20 and 21:
That impulse is understandable. But
Page 22 and 23:
You might even post those five goal
Page 24 and 25:
knowledge:masks in religious ceremo
Page 26 and 27:
9. Look for questions that other re
Page 28 and 29:
esearch. You can, of course, look f
Page 30 and 31:
If you can think of only one or two
Page 32 and 33:
3.3.2 Skim the Internet3.3.3 Talk t
Page 34 and 35:
understand what you think until you
Page 36 and 37:
translator(s)What data identify the
Page 38 and 39:
(Bibliographic Index is a bibliogra
Page 40 and 41:
Skim bibliographies of recent books
Page 42 and 43:
influential a source is by how ofte
Page 44 and 45:
4.5 Review Your Progress4.5.1 Searc
Page 46 and 47:
PART-WHOLE CONTRADICTIONS. You can
Page 48 and 49:
label the places (see fig. 4.1, wit
Page 50 and 51:
major reasons, and so on). Highligh
Page 52 and 53:
two, and if you take notes on a com
Page 54 and 55:
4.6 Manage Moments of Normal PanicT
Page 56 and 57:
good research report, readers hear
Page 58 and 59:
think your answer is significant, i
Page 60 and 61:
differently, you must acknowledge a
Page 62 and 63:
Around here, when it's a warm night
Page 64 and 65:
To accept that claim, readers must
Page 66 and 67:
5.6 Assemble an ArgumentHere is a s
Page 68 and 69:
6.2.6).6.2 Create a Plan That Meets
Page 70 and 71:
2. Rephrase your question as a lack
Page 72 and 73:
You can follow the same procedure t
Page 74 and 75:
its end expressing its point. That
Page 76 and 77:
7.10 Guard against Inappropriate As
Page 78 and 79:
y their lack of original thinking.
Page 80 and 81:
Now might I do it [kill him] pat, n
Page 82 and 83:
As one invention begets another one
Page 84 and 85:
2. What help must you acknowledge i
Page 86 and 87:
families were headed by a single mo
Page 88 and 89:
A.3.1 on creating and inserting tab
Page 90 and 91:
1. Include only relevant data. If y
Page 92 and 93:
BAR CHARTS. Bar charts communicate
Page 94 and 95:
Figure 8.7 shows how a stacked bar
Page 96 and 97:
that states the claim you want the
Page 98 and 99:
www.itpub.net
Page 100 and 101:
9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Repo
Page 102 and 103:
Of each section, ask What question
Page 104 and 105:
give them a framework for understan
Page 106 and 107:
you just surveyed:Ever since Girola
Page 108 and 109:
Be sure to include in these openers
Page 110 and 111:
11.5 Give It Up and Print It OutYou
Page 112 and 113:
principal demonstrates that she is
Page 114 and 115:
squeezed into so little volume chan
Page 116 and 117:
Most instructors and editors do agr
Page 118 and 119:
problem is the ones you are sure of
Page 120 and 121:
comments so that you can do better
Page 122 and 123:
13.1.2 Understand the Difference be
Page 124 and 125:
of us do), you can then skip to the
Page 126 and 127:
want to listen to them. Your aims a
Page 128 and 129:
15.2.2 Information Required in Cita
Page 130 and 131:
journal, collection, or series it a
Page 132 and 133:
deciding how much change counts as
Page 134 and 135:
You can assemble your bibliography
Page 136 and 137:
information about the source (autho
Page 138 and 139:
3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Transla
Page 140 and 141:
16.1.3 CapitalizationCapitalize mos
Page 142 and 143:
university may specify that you sho
Page 144 and 145:
You may choose to include in your b
Page 146 and 147:
16.3.5 Complex NotesCITATIONS. If y
Page 148 and 149:
full note.N: 5. Jan H. Kalicki and
Page 150 and 151:
number of a reference is the same a
Page 152 and 153:
17.1.2 Title17.1.3 Edition17.1.4 Vo
Page 154 and 155:
17.7 Informally Published Electroni
Page 156 and 157:
17.1 BooksBooks reflect a wider ran
Page 158 and 159:
4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. R
Page 160 and 161:
Many Spanish last names are compoun
Page 162 and 163:
B: Aaron, Henry. Why Is Welfare So
Page 164 and 165:
B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doc
Page 166 and 167:
Cambridge, MA: MIT PressChapel Hill
Page 168 and 169:
illustration number.N: 50. Richard
Page 170 and 171:
N: 3. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schu
Page 172 and 173:
download or other delivery from a b
Page 174 and 175:
B: Jenkins, J. Craig, David Jacobs,
Page 176 and 177:
B: Schapiro, Mark. “New Power for
Page 178 and 179:
Articles published online. For onli
Page 180 and 181:
parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). Y
Page 182 and 183:
N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia:
Page 184 and 185:
17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
Page 186 and 187:
Locating information. Although some
Page 188 and 189:
consistently, and adapt the general
Page 190 and 191:
For video recordings, see 17.8.5; f
Page 192 and 193:
with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Publish
Page 194 and 195:
note.N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massa
Page 196 and 197:
Executive departments, bureaus, and
Page 198 and 199:
Lower federal courts. For lower fed
Page 200 and 201:
them in your bibliography, although
Page 202 and 203:
Style: The Basic Form18.1 Basic Pat
Page 204 and 205:
In reference list entries, separate
Page 206 and 207:
R: Chapter Author's Last Name, Chap
Page 208 and 209:
If your reference list includes two
Page 210 and 211:
18.3.1 Placement in TextWhenever yo
Page 212 and 213:
citations. See 16.3.2-16.3.4 for no
Page 214 and 215:
19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs19.5.9 On
Page 216 and 217:
This chapter provides detailed info
Page 218 and 219:
(Menchú 1999, 50-51)(Adorno and Be
Page 220 and 221:
Van Rensselaer, StephenMedici, Lore
Page 222 and 223:
Dates. Use a comma to set off dates
Page 224 and 225:
When you cite an edition other than
Page 226 and 227:
Some numbered series have existed f
Page 228 and 229:
SPECIAL TYPES OF LOCATORS. Some par
Page 230 and 231:
Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to M
Page 232 and 233:
19.2.1 Author's NameGive authors' n
Page 234 and 235:
For a reference list entry, give th
Page 236 and 237:
the magazine in place of the author
Page 238 and 239:
15.4.1). Note that a URL alone is n
Page 240 and 241:
traditional or shorter abbreviation
Page 242 and 243:
In your reference list, cite works
Page 244 and 245:
19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
Page 246 and 247:
followed by to and the name of the
Page 248 and 249:
enclosed in quotation marks. Use he
Page 250 and 251:
P: (Federal Express, “Caveman”
Page 252 and 253:
If your paper is in literary studie
Page 254 and 255:
R: U.S. Congress. Congressional Rec
Page 256 and 257:
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Me
Page 258 and 259:
language, provide the page number a
Page 260 and 261:
United Kingdom. n.d. Rotuli parliam
Page 262 and 263:
20.3 Compounds and Words Formed wit
Page 264 and 265:
ABBREVIATIONS. Form plurals of abbr
Page 266 and 267:
the role of the United Statesinstea
Page 268 and 269:
foodbornechildlikeworldwideExceptio
Page 270 and 271:
French Canadian explorerMiddle East
Page 272 and 273:
when the prefix precedes a compound
Page 274 and 275:
Abbreviations. Do not break abbrevi
Page 276 and 277:
Special elements such as abbreviati
Page 278 and 279:
Do not use commas when all the elem
Page 280 and 281:
commas when such elements do not br
Page 282 and 283:
If the included question is at the
Page 284 and 285:
21.8.2 BracketsBrackets are most of
Page 286 and 287:
We have noted similar motifs in Jap
Page 288 and 289:
Chiang Kai-shekthe Honda Motor Comp
Page 290 and 291:
treaties, government programs, and
Page 292 and 293:
22.2.2 Words Defined as TermsTo emp
Page 294 and 295: given with an initial capital only.
Page 296 and 297: Web sites referred to generally (MS
Page 298 and 299: so, be consistent.If you are writin
Page 300 and 301: ROUND NUMBERS. Spell out a round nu
Page 302 and 303: 23.1.6 Names with NumbersSome types
Page 304 and 305: In most numbers of four or more dig
Page 306 and 307: The research was conducted over sev
Page 308 and 309: do not, reconsider the structure of
Page 310 and 311: disciplines. If you are writing a p
Page 312 and 313: 24.2.1 Personal NamesIn general, do
Page 314 and 315: 24.2.3 Academic DegreesYou may use
Page 316 and 317: She was ineligible for the presiden
Page 318 and 319: 24.4 Time and Dates24.4.1 TimeYou m
Page 320 and 321: Depending on the context, you may e
Page 322 and 323: 24.6.3 New TestamentNote that the a
Page 324 and 325: parenthetical statements in the tex
Page 326 and 327: 25.3.1 Permissible Changes25.3.2 Om
Page 328 and 329: The same placement options apply to
Page 330 and 331: R. ROISTER DOISTER. Except I have h
Page 332 and 333: INSERTIONS. If you need to insert a
Page 334 and 335: If you omit material between senten
Page 336 and 337: sometimes used interchangeably with
Page 338 and 339: Sources: Data from Richard H. Adams
Page 340 and 341: This grid of columns (vertical) and
Page 342 and 343: 26.2.5 The StubThe leftmost column
Page 346 and 347: sentences. Such captions are also c
Page 348 and 349: hand) before submitting it. Softwar
Page 350 and 351: Many departments and universities h
Page 352: www.itpub.net
Page 359 and 360: TITLE PAGE. Class papers should beg
Page 361 and 362: —New York Sun, February 13, 1917E
Page 363 and 364: class paper) includes many foreign
Page 369 and 370: CHAPTERS. Most theses and dissertat
Page 371 and 372: that appear together without interv
Page 374 and 375: Examples of such material would be
Page 376 and 377: A.3 Submission RequirementsA.3.1 Pr
Page 378 and 379: Keep a table that cannot be present
Page 380 and 381: multimedia files.BibliographyThere
Page 382 and 383: The Booklist. Chicago: American Lib
Page 384 and 385: 1. Bowman, John S., ed. The Cambrid
Page 386 and 387: Visual Representation of Data (Tabl
Page 388 and 389: 4. Walford, Albert J., Anthony Chal
Page 390 and 391: University Press, 2004.2. Ward, Sir
Page 392 and 393: 3. Øyen, Else, ed. Comparative Met
Page 394 and 395:
http://www netlibrary.com.2. Warner
Page 396 and 397:
EducationGeography4. Journal of Eco
Page 398 and 399:
5. Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of
Page 400 and 401:
Sociology3. Kennedy, J. Library Res
Page 402 and 403:
1. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scient
Page 404 and 405:
Chemistry4. Genetics Citation Index
Page 406 and 407:
MathematicsPhysics2. Seyfert, Carl
Page 408 and 409:
Chicago. He is the author of Style:
Page 410 and 411:
of abbreviations list, 389in biblio
Page 412 and 413:
See also figuresBC, 328, 339BCE, 32
Page 414 and 415:
visual and performing arts, sources
Page 416 and 417:
URLs, 177of words derived from pers
Page 418 and 419:
working hypothesis as, 50-51See als
Page 420 and 421:
headline-style capitalization and,
Page 422 and 423:
of journal articles, citation of in
Page 424 and 425:
drama. See plays; theater, citation
Page 426 and 427:
eference list-style citation of, 25
Page 428 and 429:
highlights in, 86-87inserted into f
Page 430 and 431:
front matter, 377-391; abstract, 39
Page 432 and 433:
See also figures; graphicsgrouped b
Page 434 and 435:
methods of research illustrated on,
Page 436 and 437:
as topic source, 14, 17journal writ
Page 438 and 439:
magazinesbibliography-style citatio
Page 440 and 441:
newspapersabbreviation of, 336-337a
Page 442 and 443:
lists and, 329-330with names, 323-3
Page 444 and 445:
multivolume dissertation, 375-376te
Page 446 and 447:
in figure captions, 370function of,
Page 448 and 449:
slash separating lines of, 350posse
Page 450 and 451:
in glossary, 390line breaks and hyp
Page 452 and 453:
from foreign language, 312integrati
Page 454 and 455:
purpose of, 221specific requirement
Page 456 and 457:
esearch method page, 390Reverend, u
Page 458 and 459:
sentencesquoted material ending in,
Page 460 and 461:
See also literature review; note-ta
Page 462 and 463:
hard copy submission, 407-408prepar
Page 464 and 465:
3-em dash, 148-149, 304timeabbrevia
Page 466 and 467:
See also questions, researchtransit
Page 468 and 469:
as primary sources, 25reference lis
Page 470:
www.itpub.net
show all

A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?