A-manual-for-writers-of-research-papers-theses-and-dissertations

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families were headed by a single mother. In 1980 that number rose to 18 percent, in 1990 to 22 percent, and to23 percent in 2000. Single fathers headed 1 percent of the families in 1970, 2 percent in 1980, 3 percent in 1990,and 4 percent in 2000. Families with no adult in the home have remained stable at 3–4 percent.Those data can be presented more effectively in graphic form, as in table 8.2.8.2 Choose the Most Effective GraphicWhen you graphically present data as complex as in that paragraph, you have many choices.The simplest and most common are tables, bar charts, and line graphs, each of which has adistinctive rhetorical effect.To emphasize specific values, use a table like table 8.2.To emphasize comparisons that can be seen at a glance, use a bar chart like figure 8.1 (p.84).To emphasize trends, use a line graph like figure 8.2 (p. 84).While each of these forms communicates the same data, readers respond to them indifferent ways:A table seems precise and objective. It emphasizes individual numbers and forces readersto infer relationships or trends (unless you state them in an introductory sentence).Both charts and line graphs emphasize a visual image that communicates values lessprecisely but more quickly than do the exact numbers of a table. But they also differ:A bar chart emphasizes comparisons among discrete items.A line graph emphasizes trends, usually over time.www.itpub.net
Choose the graphic form that best achieves the effect you intend, not the first one that comesto mind.How many choices you should consider depends on your experience. If you're new toquantitative research, limit your choices to basic tables, bar charts, and line graphs. Yourcomputer software may offer more choices, but ignore those that you aren't familiar with.If you are doing advanced research, readers will expect you to use the graphic form bestsuited to your point and your kind of data, and to draw from a larger range of choices. In thatcase, consult table 8.7, which describes the rhetorical uses of other common forms. But youmay have to consider more creative ways of representing data if you are writing a dissertationor article in a field that routinely displays complex relationships in large data sets.8.3 Design Tables and FiguresComputer programs now let you create graphics so dazzling that you might be tempted to letyour software make your design decisions. But readers don't care how elaborate your graphicslook if they are confusing, misleading, or irrelevant to your point. You have to decide how tomake them clear, focused, and relevant, then set your software to reflect that judgment. (See
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A Manual for Writers of Research Pa
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Indexing BooksNancy C. MulvanyGetti
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Part I Research and Writing: From P
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15 General Introduction to Citation
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Appendix: Paper Format and Submissi
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that have emerged since 2003 and th
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We first discuss the aims of resear
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You may think your report will add
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1.2 Three Kinds of Questions That R
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That impulse is understandable. But
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You might even post those five goal
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knowledge:masks in religious ceremo
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9. Look for questions that other re
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esearch. You can, of course, look f
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If you can think of only one or two
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3.3.2 Skim the Internet3.3.3 Talk t
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understand what you think until you
Page 36 and 37: translator(s)What data identify the
Page 38 and 39: (Bibliographic Index is a bibliogra
Page 40 and 41: Skim bibliographies of recent books
Page 42 and 43: influential a source is by how ofte
Page 44 and 45: 4.5 Review Your Progress4.5.1 Searc
Page 46 and 47: PART-WHOLE CONTRADICTIONS. You can
Page 48 and 49: label the places (see fig. 4.1, wit
Page 50 and 51: major reasons, and so on). Highligh
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Page 54 and 55: 4.6 Manage Moments of Normal PanicT
Page 56 and 57: good research report, readers hear
Page 58 and 59: think your answer is significant, i
Page 60 and 61: differently, you must acknowledge a
Page 62 and 63: Around here, when it's a warm night
Page 64 and 65: To accept that claim, readers must
Page 66 and 67: 5.6 Assemble an ArgumentHere is a s
Page 68 and 69: 6.2.6).6.2 Create a Plan That Meets
Page 70 and 71: 2. Rephrase your question as a lack
Page 72 and 73: You can follow the same procedure t
Page 74 and 75: its end expressing its point. That
Page 76 and 77: 7.10 Guard against Inappropriate As
Page 78 and 79: y their lack of original thinking.
Page 80 and 81: Now might I do it [kill him] pat, n
Page 82 and 83: As one invention begets another one
Page 84 and 85: 2. What help must you acknowledge i
Page 88 and 89: A.3.1 on creating and inserting tab
Page 90 and 91: 1. Include only relevant data. If y
Page 92 and 93: BAR CHARTS. Bar charts communicate
Page 94 and 95: Figure 8.7 shows how a stacked bar
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Page 100 and 101: 9.2 Make Sure the Body of Your Repo
Page 102 and 103: Of each section, ask What question
Page 104 and 105: give them a framework for understan
Page 106 and 107: you just surveyed:Ever since Girola
Page 108 and 109: Be sure to include in these openers
Page 110 and 111: 11.5 Give It Up and Print It OutYou
Page 112 and 113: principal demonstrates that she is
Page 114 and 115: squeezed into so little volume chan
Page 116 and 117: Most instructors and editors do agr
Page 118 and 119: problem is the ones you are sure of
Page 120 and 121: comments so that you can do better
Page 122 and 123: 13.1.2 Understand the Difference be
Page 124 and 125: of us do), you can then skip to the
Page 126 and 127: want to listen to them. Your aims a
Page 128 and 129: 15.2.2 Information Required in Cita
Page 130 and 131: journal, collection, or series it a
Page 132 and 133: deciding how much change counts as
Page 134 and 135: You can assemble your bibliography
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information about the source (autho
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3. Author(s) Plus Editor or Transla
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16.1.3 CapitalizationCapitalize mos
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university may specify that you sho
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You may choose to include in your b
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16.3.5 Complex NotesCITATIONS. If y
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full note.N: 5. Jan H. Kalicki and
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number of a reference is the same a
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17.1.2 Title17.1.3 Edition17.1.4 Vo
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17.7 Informally Published Electroni
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17.1 BooksBooks reflect a wider ran
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4. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. R
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Many Spanish last names are compoun
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B: Aaron, Henry. Why Is Welfare So
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B: Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christian Doc
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Cambridge, MA: MIT PressChapel Hill
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illustration number.N: 50. Richard
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N: 3. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schu
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download or other delivery from a b
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B: Jenkins, J. Craig, David Jacobs,
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B: Schapiro, Mark. “New Power for
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Articles published online. For onli
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parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). Y
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N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia:
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17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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Locating information. Although some
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consistently, and adapt the general
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For video recordings, see 17.8.5; f
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with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Publish
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note.N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massa
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Executive departments, bureaus, and
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Lower federal courts. For lower fed
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them in your bibliography, although
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Style: The Basic Form18.1 Basic Pat
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In reference list entries, separate
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R: Chapter Author's Last Name, Chap
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If your reference list includes two
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18.3.1 Placement in TextWhenever yo
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citations. See 16.3.2-16.3.4 for no
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19.5.8 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs19.5.9 On
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This chapter provides detailed info
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(Menchú 1999, 50-51)(Adorno and Be
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Van Rensselaer, StephenMedici, Lore
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Dates. Use a comma to set off dates
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When you cite an edition other than
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Some numbered series have existed f
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SPECIAL TYPES OF LOCATORS. Some par
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Calhoun, Craig. 2005. Foreword to M
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19.2.1 Author's NameGive authors' n
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For a reference list entry, give th
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the magazine in place of the author
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15.4.1). Note that a URL alone is n
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traditional or shorter abbreviation
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In your reference list, cite works
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19.6.3 Interviews and Personal Comm
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followed by to and the name of the
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enclosed in quotation marks. Use he
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P: (Federal Express, “Caveman”
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If your paper is in literary studie
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R: U.S. Congress. Congressional Rec
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U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Me
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language, provide the page number a
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United Kingdom. n.d. Rotuli parliam
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20.3 Compounds and Words Formed wit
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ABBREVIATIONS. Form plurals of abbr
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the role of the United Statesinstea
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foodbornechildlikeworldwideExceptio
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French Canadian explorerMiddle East
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when the prefix precedes a compound
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Abbreviations. Do not break abbrevi
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Special elements such as abbreviati
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Do not use commas when all the elem
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commas when such elements do not br
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If the included question is at the
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21.8.2 BracketsBrackets are most of
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We have noted similar motifs in Jap
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Chiang Kai-shekthe Honda Motor Comp
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treaties, government programs, and
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22.2.2 Words Defined as TermsTo emp
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given with an initial capital only.
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Web sites referred to generally (MS
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so, be consistent.If you are writin
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ROUND NUMBERS. Spell out a round nu
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23.1.6 Names with NumbersSome types
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In most numbers of four or more dig
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The research was conducted over sev
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do not, reconsider the structure of
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disciplines. If you are writing a p
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24.2.1 Personal NamesIn general, do
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24.2.3 Academic DegreesYou may use
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She was ineligible for the presiden
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24.4 Time and Dates24.4.1 TimeYou m
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Depending on the context, you may e
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24.6.3 New TestamentNote that the a
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parenthetical statements in the tex
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25.3.1 Permissible Changes25.3.2 Om
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The same placement options apply to
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R. ROISTER DOISTER. Except I have h
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INSERTIONS. If you need to insert a
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If you omit material between senten
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sometimes used interchangeably with
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Sources: Data from Richard H. Adams
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This grid of columns (vertical) and
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26.2.5 The StubThe leftmost column
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designate notes with asterisks, bot
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sentences. Such captions are also c
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hand) before submitting it. Softwar
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Many departments and universities h
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www.itpub.net
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www.itpub.net
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TITLE PAGE. Class papers should beg
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—New York Sun, February 13, 1917E
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class paper) includes many foreign
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www.itpub.net
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CHAPTERS. Most theses and dissertat
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that appear together without interv
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Examples of such material would be
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A.3 Submission RequirementsA.3.1 Pr
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Keep a table that cannot be present
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multimedia files.BibliographyThere
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The Booklist. Chicago: American Lib
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1. Bowman, John S., ed. The Cambrid
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Visual Representation of Data (Tabl
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4. Walford, Albert J., Anthony Chal
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University Press, 2004.2. Ward, Sir
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3. Øyen, Else, ed. Comparative Met
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http://www netlibrary.com.2. Warner
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EducationGeography4. Journal of Eco
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5. Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of
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Sociology3. Kennedy, J. Library Res
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1. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scient
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Chemistry4. Genetics Citation Index
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MathematicsPhysics2. Seyfert, Carl
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Chicago. He is the author of Style:
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of abbreviations list, 389in biblio
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See also figuresBC, 328, 339BCE, 32
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visual and performing arts, sources
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URLs, 177of words derived from pers
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working hypothesis as, 50-51See als
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headline-style capitalization and,
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of journal articles, citation of in
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drama. See plays; theater, citation
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eference list-style citation of, 25
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highlights in, 86-87inserted into f
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front matter, 377-391; abstract, 39
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See also figures; graphicsgrouped b
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methods of research illustrated on,
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as topic source, 14, 17journal writ
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magazinesbibliography-style citatio
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newspapersabbreviation of, 336-337a
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lists and, 329-330with names, 323-3
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multivolume dissertation, 375-376te
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in figure captions, 370function of,
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slash separating lines of, 350posse
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in glossary, 390line breaks and hyp
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from foreign language, 312integrati
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purpose of, 221specific requirement
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esearch method page, 390Reverend, u
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sentencesquoted material ending in,
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See also literature review; note-ta
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hard copy submission, 407-408prepar
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3-em dash, 148-149, 304timeabbrevia
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See also questions, researchtransit
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as primary sources, 25reference lis
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www.itpub.net
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