in Sri Lanka - Ministry of Environment

More documents

Recommendations

Info

a lack of human resources skilled and interested in managing captive populations. Captivebreeding and reintroduction are clearly actions of last resort, but given a track record of 19extinctions and many more species being listed as threatened, it is one that needs to beconsidered at least for some Sri Lankan species. A starting point would be the accumulation oflocal climatic and water quality data, together with in situ observations of activity patterns, dietresource utilization, breeding behaviour and larval development, together with an assessmentof threats at each life-history stage. Such a programme would also need to examine possiblein situ options, such as improved upstream water-quality management and the maintenanceof riparian vegetation. With these data in hand, an informed judgment could be made withregard to restoring degraded former habitats for a rigorous reintroduction programme. Even ifex situ measures were not to be implemented immediately, the importance of developing themethodologies for this cannot be over-emphasized.The keys provided by Dutta & Manamendra-Arachchi (1996); Manamenrda-Arachchi &Pethiyagoda (2005) and Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi (2005) facilitate theidentification of all currently known Sri Lankan amphibians. With names and diagnosesavailable for these species, reliable work could commence on assessing populations, habitatrequirements and distributions with a view to improving conservation practices. By offeringonly protection, the present regulatory framework discourages engagement with this faunaby scientists and interested citizens. The threats to amphibians in Sri Lanka however, willpersist regardless of how effectively they are protected. The need of the hour is science-basedconservation that seeks to address threats such as environmental pollution, climate changesand habitat degradation.References:Blaustein, A. R., Hokit, D. G., O’Hara, R. K. & Holt, R. A., (1994). Pathogenic fungus contributes to amphibian lossesin the Pacific Northwest. Biological Conservation, 67(3), pp.251–254.Bossuyt, F., Meegaskumbura, M., Beenaerts, N., Gower, D. J., Pethiyagoda, R., Roelants, K., Mannaert, A.,Wilkinson, M., Bahir, M. M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Ng, P. K. L., Schneider, C. J., Oommen O. V. &Milinkovitch, M. C., (2004). Local endemism within the Western Ghats–Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot. Science,306(5695), pp.479–481.Dutta, S. K. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K., (1996). The amphibian fauna of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Wildlife HeritageTrust of Sri Lanka,Gunawardena, E. R. N., Rajapakshe, U., Nandasena, K. A. & Rosier, P. T. W., (1998). Water quality issues inthe uplands of Sri Lanka. In: H.P.M. Gunasena, ed. 1998. Proceedings of the final workshop: University ofPeradeniya — Oxford Forestry Institute Link Project. Peradeniya: Faculty of Agriculture, Univ. Peradeniya,pp.37–44.Kiesecker, J. M., Balustein A. R. & Belden, L. K., (2001). Complex causes of amphibian population declines. Nature,410, pp.681–684.Kirtisinghe, P., (1957). The Amphibia of Ceylon. Colombo: Published by the author.Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyagoda, R., (2005). The Sri Lankan shrub-frogs of the genus Philautus Gistel,1848 (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae), with description of 27 new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement,12, pp.163–303.Meegaskumbura, M. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K., (2005). Descriptions of eight new species of shrub frogs (Ranidae:Rhacophorinae: Philautus) from Sri Lanka. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement, 12, pp.305–338.Meegaskumbura, M., Bossuyt, F., Pethiyagoda, R., Manamendra-Ararchchi, K., Bahir, M., Milinkovitch, M. C. &Schneider, C. J., (2002). Sri Lanka: an amphibian hotspot. Science, 298(5592), p.379.Meegaskumbura, M. & Manamendra-Ararchchi, K., (2011). Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae:Pseudophilautus) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa, 2747, pp.1–18.Pethiyagoda, R. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K., (1998). Occasional Papers of the Wildlife Heritage Trust, 2: EvaluatingSri Lanka’s amphibian diversity. Colombo: Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka.90
Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., Coloma, L. A., Consuegra, J. A., Fogden, M. P. L., Foster, P. N., Marca, E. L.,Masters, K. L., Merino-Viteri, A., Puschendorf, R., Ron, S. R., Sánchez-Azofeifa, G. A., Still, C. J. & Young, B.E. (2006). Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature, 439,pp.161-167.Roelants, K., Jiang, J. & Bossuyt, F., (2004). Endemic ranid (Amphibia: Anura) genera in southern mountainranges of the Indian subcontinent represent ancient frog lineages: evidence from molecular data. MolecularPhylogenetics and Evolution, 31(2), pp.730–740.Wickramasinghe, L. J. M., Vidanapathirana, D. R. & Wickramasinghe, N., (2012). Back from the dead: The world’srarest toad Adenomus kandianus rediscovered in Sri Lanka. Zootaxa, 3347, pp.63–68.Wickramasinghe, L. J. M., Munindradasa, D. A. I. & Fernando, P., (2012). A new species of Polypedates Tschudi(Amphibia, Anura, Rhacophoridae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa, 3498, pp.63–80.91
Page 3 and 4:
The National Red List 2012of Sri La
Page 5:
Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
Page 8 and 9:
Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
Page 10 and 11:
FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
Page 12 and 13:
Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
Page 14 and 15:
AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
Page 16 and 17:
AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
Page 18 and 19:
Message of the Secretary, Ministry
Page 20 and 21:
Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
Page 22 and 23:
Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
Page 25 and 26:
The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
Page 27 and 28:
Changes in water sources, such as d
Page 29 and 30:
Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
Page 31 and 32:
Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
Page 33 and 34:
Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
Page 35 and 36:
The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
Page 37 and 38:
fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
Page 39 and 40:
Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
Page 41 and 42:
Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
Page 47 and 48:
Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
Page 49 and 50:
Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
Page 51 and 52:
DistributionThe distribution of but
Page 53 and 54:
Another threat of increasing import
Page 55 and 56:
van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64: Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 67 and 68: DistributionSpiders are found in al
Page 69 and 70: Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
Page 83 and 84: ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
Page 85 and 86: ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
Page 87 and 88: Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
Page 89 and 90: The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
Page 91 and 92: ConservationSurvival of highly dive
Page 93 and 94: Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
Page 103 and 104: fish species such as Chitala chital
Page 105 and 106: Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
Page 113: of the original forest cover has no
Page 125 and 126: The crocodile populations are under
Page 127 and 128: Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
Page 137 and 138: Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
Page 139 and 140: espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
Page 141 and 142: AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
Page 159 and 160: Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
Page 161 and 162: Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
Page 171 and 172:
Table 2. The geographic distributio
Page 173 and 174:
TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
Page 175 and 176:
ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
Page 177 and 178:
Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
Page 179 and 180:
Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
Page 181 and 182:
Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
Page 193 and 194:
Prominent plant families in dry for
Page 195 and 196:
According to the plant records avai
Page 197 and 198:
is very likely to devastate this ec
Page 199 and 200:
Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
Page 201 and 202:
DistributionHigh degree of endemism
Page 203 and 204:
- Taxonomic research on closely rel
Page 205 and 206:
Present Status of Montane Forests i
Page 207 and 208:
Death of trees in the montane fores
Page 209 and 210:
Conservation of our mountain forest
Page 211 and 212:
(saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
Page 213 and 214:
category (CR); three under Endanger
Page 215 and 216:
and eutrophication (due to agricult
Page 217 and 218:
IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
Page 219 and 220:
- With the introduction of exotic a
Page 221 and 222:
Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
Page 223 and 224:
decades, aiming at increasing the u
Page 225 and 226:
Currently, at a global level, new k
Page 227 and 228:
Conservation prioritiesIn order to
Page 229 and 230:
Table 15: Summary of the Status of
Page 231 and 232:
Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
Page 233 and 234:
Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
Page 367 and 368:
PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
Page 369 and 370:
Threats to angiosperms may range fr
Page 371 and 372:
Further, evaluation of the conserva
Page 373 and 374:
MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
Page 375 and 376:
Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
Page 377 and 378:
ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
Page 379 and 380:
Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
Page 381 and 382:
de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
Page 383 and 384:
Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
Page 385 and 386:
Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
Page 387 and 388:
Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
Page 389 and 390:
Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
Page 391 and 392:
Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
Page 393 and 394:
Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
Page 395 and 396:
1. Establishment of a national echi
Page 397 and 398:
Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
Page 399 and 400:
Provisional checklist of soft coral
Page 401 and 402:
Extensive coral growth is limited t
Page 403 and 404:
Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
Page 405 and 406:
Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
Page 407 and 408:
References For Corals Recorded For
Page 409 and 410:
Subgenera have generally not been u
Page 411 and 412:
Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
Page 413 and 414:
Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
Page 415 and 416:
Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
Page 417 and 418:
Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
Page 419 and 420:
Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
Page 421 and 422:
DistributionMany Marine species inc
Page 423 and 424:
Provisional Check List of the Marin
Page 425 and 426:
Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
Page 427 and 428:
Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
Page 429 and 430:
Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
Page 431 and 432:
Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
Page 433 and 434:
References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
Page 435 and 436:
Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
Page 437 and 438:
ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
Page 439 and 440:
Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
Page 441 and 442:
Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
Page 443 and 444:
Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
Page 445 and 446:
1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
Page 447 and 448:
Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
Page 449 and 450:
Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
Page 451 and 452:
Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
Page 453 and 454:
1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
Page 455 and 456:
Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
Page 457 and 458:
Tropical agricultural research. 20:
Page 459 and 460:
Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
Page 461 and 462:
Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
Page 463 and 464:
Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
Page 465 and 466:
Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
Page 467 and 468:
A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
Page 469 and 470:
Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
Page 471 and 472:
9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
Page 473 and 474:
Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
Page 475 and 476:
Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
show all

in Sri Lanka - Ministry of Environment

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?