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Analysis of Seed Plants of Sri LankaSiril Wijesundara 1 , H. S. Kathriarachchi 2 , S. W. Ranasinghe 1 , G. Hapuarachchi 21Department of National Botanic Gardens2University of ColomboSeed-bearing plants or seed plants are perhaps the most obvious group of plants on earth.They include gymnosperms and angiosperms.In gymnosperms the seeds are not enclosed in a fruit. Gymnosperms can be further classifiedinto gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. In Sri Lanka there are no native conifers,gnetophytes or ginkgo. There are only two gymnosperm species In Sri Lanka belongingto genus Cycas in the family Cycadaceae. They are Cycas nathorstii (madu) and Cycaszeylanica (Lindstrom & Hill, 2007). Of these two species, Cycas zeylanica (maha madu) is ahighly threatened species. The habitat of this species was damaged by tsunami in 2005 andit is believed that the population of this species was seriously affected (Lindstrom & Hill, 2007).Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit. They are the mostdiverse group of plants with an estimated number of 200,000 to 400,000 species (Thorne,2002). These species are classified into 415 families (APG, 2009)Sri Lanka’s angiosperm flora has been explored, studied and documented by many botanistssince the colonial times (Jayasuriya, 2007). Trimen’s Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon (Trimen,1893-1900), was considered as one of the most comprehensive floras of that time. Basedon Trimen’s Flora, Abeywickrama (1945) reported 1,065 genera and 2,855 species in 171families. Out of those 853 species were considered to be endemic to Sri Lanka.The revision of the Trimen’s Flora (Dassanayake et al., 1980-2000) described 3,771 speciesin 1,363 genera and that included many naturalized species. The total number of endemicspecies (including varieties and subspecies) was about 1,000 according to that revision.Compared to the other countries in South Asia, angiosperm diversity in Sri Lanka is remarkablyhigher due to multitudes of factors. Origin, affinities and biogeography of our flowering plantshave been discussed by several authors in the past (Trimen, 1885; Abeywickrama, 1945;Ashton and Gunatilleke, 1987).One of the striking features of our angiosperm flora is the high percentage of endemic species.Analyses done during the preparation of this Red List revealed that there are 894 endemicangiosperm species in Sri Lanka. These species are distributed mainly in the central andsouth west region of the island (The map preceding page). However, there may be moreendemic species in the north east and eastern areas of the country which were not botanizedas extensively as the south western regions.340
Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm species in Sri LankaThere are no endemic families in Sri Lanka. But there are about 14 endemic genera.Taxonomy of angiosperms was revolutionized recently by the application of moleculartechniques in plant systematics (Yakandawala, 2006). Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, aninformal international group of systematic botanists, published angiosperm classifications in1998 (APG I), 2003 (APG II) and 2009 (APG III) to address deficiencies in earlier angiospermclassification systems (APG III, 2009). This list uses the classification proposed in APG III andthe changes made to the family names widely used in the past are given in Table 1.341
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The National Red List 2012of Sri La
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
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FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
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Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
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AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
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AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
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Message of the Secretary, Ministry
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Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
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Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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Changes in water sources, such as d
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Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
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Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
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Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
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Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
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DistributionThe distribution of but
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Another threat of increasing import
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van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
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DistributionSpiders are found in al
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Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
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ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
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ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
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Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
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ConservationSurvival of highly dive
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Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
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fish species such as Chitala chital
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Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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of the original forest cover has no
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Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
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The crocodile populations are under
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Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
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Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
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espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
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AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
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Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
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Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
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Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
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Table 2. The geographic distributio
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TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
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ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
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Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
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Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
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Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
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Prominent plant families in dry for
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According to the plant records avai
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is very likely to devastate this ec
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Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
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DistributionHigh degree of endemism
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- Taxonomic research on closely rel
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Present Status of Montane Forests i
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Death of trees in the montane fores
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Conservation of our mountain forest
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(saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
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category (CR); three under Endanger
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and eutrophication (due to agricult
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IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
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- With the introduction of exotic a
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Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
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decades, aiming at increasing the u
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Currently, at a global level, new k
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Conservation prioritiesIn order to
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Table 15: Summary of the Status of
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Page 313 and 314: Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Page 367 and 368: PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
Page 369 and 370: Threats to angiosperms may range fr
Page 371 and 372: Further, evaluation of the conserva
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Page 375 and 376: Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
Page 377 and 378: ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
Page 379 and 380: Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
Page 381 and 382: de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
Page 383 and 384: Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
Page 385 and 386: Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
Page 387 and 388: Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
Page 389 and 390: Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
Page 391 and 392: Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
Page 393 and 394: Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
Page 395 and 396: 1. Establishment of a national echi
Page 397 and 398: Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
Page 399 and 400: Provisional checklist of soft coral
Page 401 and 402: Extensive coral growth is limited t
Page 403 and 404: Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
Page 405 and 406: Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
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Page 411 and 412: Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
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Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
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Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
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Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
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DistributionMany Marine species inc
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Provisional Check List of the Marin
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Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
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Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
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Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
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Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
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References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
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Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
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ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
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Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
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Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
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Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
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1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
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Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
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Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
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Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
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1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
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Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
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Tropical agricultural research. 20:
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Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
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Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
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Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
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Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
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A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
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Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
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9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
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Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
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Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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