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At least for one butterfly, Arhopala ormistoni, the mystery of its great rarity has been recentlyuncovered. This is a species of the dense Dipterocarp forests of the wet zone, and it spendsits entire life high up in the canopy where it is very difficult to see and therefore record; itseldom descends to levels where it can be observed easily. This points to the importanceof understanding the general biology of the butterflies before assessing the status andconservation importance.On the other hand, there are several species that are well adapted to altered landscapes andthat survive outside forests very well. These include many species (e.g. Ypthima, Leptosiaand Mycalesis) whose larvae feed on annual weed species that grow in abandoned lands androadsides and their populations certainly seem to be increasing compared to the past. Theestablishment of butterfly gardens in urban and non-urban areas has certainly encouragedthese species. The private sector has been particularly active in the promotion of these butterflygardens for eco-tourism and it is hoped that the idea will spread to individuals, government andnon-governmental institutions more rapidly. Fortunately, there is a push by the Ministry of theEnvironment to promote the idea of butterfly gardens by organizing seminars, workshops andpublications. More work need to be done to create awareness on butterfly conservation in ruralareas, particularly in villages that are bordering forests in the wet zone. Further, more fundingopportunities should be created for butterfly conservation projects to ensure long term survivalof butterfly fauna of Sri Lanka.Recommendations for Research and Conservation1. Establish an officially recognized group of amateur and professional lepidopterists to workclosely with designated biologists from the Ministry of the Environment and other affiliatedinstitutions to act as a consultative body on issues relating to butterfly conservation. Thisgroup must be empowered to carry out island-wide surveys to monitor population fluctuationsand to gather information on all aspects of butterfly biology.2. Establish an official website with a comprehensive database containing historical and currentinformation on the butterflies of the island.3. Initiate a project to gather data on the habitats, distribution, flight periods, immature stages,and the general biology of the endangered and critically endangered species. The findingsof such a study will enable identification of areas that can be protected and enhancedfor the conservation of the butterflies of Sri Lanka.4. Conduct DNA and genitalia studies to verify the taxonomic status of the endemic speciesand sub-species in Sri Lanka to compare with those of the Indian mainland, e.g. Tarucascallinara, Tarucas nara, Pelopidas agna, Pelopidas mathias, Halpe egena, Halpe ceylonica,Spindasis ictis, Spindasis elima, Spindasis nubilus, Acytolepis puspa and Acytolepislilacea.ReferencesAckery, P., de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R. I., (1999). The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperoidea and Papilionoidae.In: N.P. Kristensen, ed. 1999. The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperoidea, and Papilionoidea. de Gruyter. Berlin.pp. 263–300.Kunte, K., (in press). A Systematic and Biogeographic Catalogue of Indian Butterflies: Butterfly Diversity andEndemism in India’s Biodiversity Hotspots.Ormiston, W., (1924). The Butterflies of Ceylon. Colombo: H. W. Cave & Co.van der Poorten, G. & van der Poorten, N., (in press, a). The biology of Spindasis greeni Heron, 1896 and a reviewof the genus Spindasis in Sri Lanka (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). The Journal of Research in Lepidoptera.30
van der Poorten, G. & van der Poorten, N., (in press, b). Cephrenes trichopepla (Lower, 1908): A new record forSri Lanka with notes on its biology, life history and distribution (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). The Journal ofResearch in Lepidoptera.van der Poorten, G. & van der Poorten, N., (2012). Catopsilia scylla (Linnaeus, 1763): A new record for Sri Lankawith notes on its biology, life history and distribution (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). The Journal of Research on theLepidoptera, 45, pp.17-23.van Nieukerken, E. K., Kaila, L., Kitching, I. J., Kristensen, N. P., Lees, D. C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M.,Regier, J. C., Simonsen, T. J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D.,Bengtsson, B. Å., Brown, J. W. S. R., Bucheli, D.R. Davis, J. De Prins, W. De Prins, M. E. Epstein, P. Gentili-Poole, C. Gielis, P. Hättenschwiler, A. Hausmann, J. D. Holloway, A. Kallies, O. Karsholt, A. Y. Kawahara, S.J. C. Koster, M. Kozlov, V., Lafontaine, J. D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C.,Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B. C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M. A., Tarmann, G. M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S.,Yakovlev, R. V., Zolotuhin, V. V. & Zwick. A., (2011). Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Z.-Q. Zhang, ed.2011. Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa,3148, pp.212-221.31
Page 3 and 4: The National Red List 2012of Sri La
Page 5: Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
Page 8 and 9: Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
Page 10 and 11: FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
Page 12 and 13: Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
Page 14 and 15: AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
Page 16 and 17: AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
Page 18 and 19: Message of the Secretary, Ministry
Page 20 and 21: Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
Page 22 and 23: Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
Page 25 and 26: The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
Page 27 and 28: Changes in water sources, such as d
Page 29 and 30: Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
Page 31 and 32: Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
Page 33 and 34: Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
Page 37 and 38: fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
Page 39 and 40: Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
Page 41 and 42: Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 45 and 46: L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
Page 47 and 48: Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
Page 49 and 50: Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
Page 51 and 52: DistributionThe distribution of but
Page 53: Another threat of increasing import
Page 67 and 68: DistributionSpiders are found in al
Page 69 and 70: Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
Page 83 and 84: ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
Page 85 and 86: ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
Page 87 and 88: Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
Page 91 and 92: ConservationSurvival of highly dive
Page 93 and 94: Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
Page 103 and 104: fish species such as Chitala chital
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Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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of the original forest cover has no
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Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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The crocodile populations are under
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Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
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Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
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espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
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AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
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Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
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Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
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Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
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Table 2. The geographic distributio
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TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
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ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
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Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
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Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
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Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
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Prominent plant families in dry for
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According to the plant records avai
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is very likely to devastate this ec
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Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
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DistributionHigh degree of endemism
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- Taxonomic research on closely rel
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Present Status of Montane Forests i
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Death of trees in the montane fores
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Conservation of our mountain forest
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(saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
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category (CR); three under Endanger
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and eutrophication (due to agricult
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IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
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- With the introduction of exotic a
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Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
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decades, aiming at increasing the u
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Currently, at a global level, new k
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Conservation prioritiesIn order to
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Table 15: Summary of the Status of
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
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PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
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Threats to angiosperms may range fr
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Further, evaluation of the conserva
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MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
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Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
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ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
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Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
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de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
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Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
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Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
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Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
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Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
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Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
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Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
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1. Establishment of a national echi
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Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
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Provisional checklist of soft coral
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Extensive coral growth is limited t
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Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
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Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
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References For Corals Recorded For
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Subgenera have generally not been u
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Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
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Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
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Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
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Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
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Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
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DistributionMany Marine species inc
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Provisional Check List of the Marin
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Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
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Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
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Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
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Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
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References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
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Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
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ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
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Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
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Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
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Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
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1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
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Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
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Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
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Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
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1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
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Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
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Tropical agricultural research. 20:
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Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
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Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
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Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
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Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
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A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
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Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
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9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
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Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
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Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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