in Sri Lanka - Ministry of Environment

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ThreatsIn addition to the excess fishing pressure, marine fish are facing number of problems includingenvironmental degradation, e.g., discharge of contaminated waters by domestic and foreignvessels, heated water from land based industries, pollutants and other nonbiodegradablematerials (such as oil spills). Higher amounts of nutrients and toxic pollutants in the coastal watersalso cause stress conditions and physiological changes that leads to reduced reproductiverates, shorter life spans, behavioural changes, rapid expansion or total disappearance ofsome species. In addition, climate change, ocean acidification and sea level rise could furtheraggravate these conditions.Overfishing, fishing in proscribed areas and use of unauthorized gears and methods all havemajor impacts on the marine fish resource, which require immediate attention. Blast fishing,bottom set nets, moxy nets, trammel nets, trawl nets and push nets are banded in Sri Lanka.Though it is banned, moxy nets are frequently used as a fishing gear by ornamental fishcatchers. The use of trawl nets, especially by Indian fishermen in Sri Lankan territorial watershas become a major threat not only to marine fish fauna, but also to the complete ecosystemin the North and North western parts of the country.ConservationSri Lanka has ratified and signed several international treaties in order to conserve andmanage marine fish resources in a sustainable manner. Further, there are number of state levellegislations available to conserve and effectively manage marine and coastal fish resources.Some of them directly control the management of marine fish resources while others can beused indirectly to regulate the exploitation of marine fish.Sri Lanka has also established four Marine Protected areas, The Bar Reef Marine Sanctuary,Rumassala Marine Sanctuary, Pigeon Island National Park and Hikkaduwa National Park andtwo fisheries management areas, Great and Little Basses fisheries management area andPolhena fisheries management area. Although several MPAs exist in Sri Lanka, most are notmanaged, and resource extraction and habitat degradation continue unabated (Perera & DeVos, 2007). In 1998, the Export and Import of Live Fish Regulations were introduced. Theseregulations define which species of fish are prohibited from being exported or imported anddenote that permits are required to export certain fish species and/or live fish eggs, roe orspawn.Marine fish resources are over exploited in most part of the country and the fishing stress isunimaginable. However still there are rarely exploited resources in deep sea environmentswhere the possibility for undescribed species is still very high. Further, the expansion of EEZinto the high seas may add new species to the marine fish list of Sri Lanka. Thus the actualnumber of marine fish spices in Sri Lankan waters may be higher than the recorded number inthis provisional check list.All the species and family names were checked for the synonyms using the online resources(World Register of Marine Species and Fish Base). Thus the currently accepted name is listedwith its synonym and its source for easy verification.412
ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russell, B. C. & Bogusch, A., (1994). FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purpose:The Marine Fishery Resources in Sri Lanka. Rome: FAO.Froese, R. & Pauly, D. eds., (2012). FishBase [Online] (Updated October 2012)Available at: [Accessed 22 November 2012].Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2004-2012). Fishery and Aquaculture Countryprofiles: Sri Lanka. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online] (Updated 5 August 2004).Available at: [Accessed 22 November 2012].Lal, B. V. & Fortune, K. eds., (2000). The Pacific Islands: An encyclopedia. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu.McLintock, A. H. ed., (1966). An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand: FISH, MARINE. [Online] (Updated 23 April 2009)Available at: [Accessed 22 November 2012].Munro, I. S. R., 1955. The marine and freshwater fishes of Ceylon. Dept. of External Affairs. Colombo.Öhman, M.C., Rajasuriya, A. & Linden, O., (1993). Coral reefs in north-western Sri Lanka; biology and humandisturbances. Proc. Coll. Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards and History. Miami: Rosential Schoolof Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, pp.404-409.Perera, N. & De Vos, A., (2007). Marine Protected Areas in Sri Lanka: A Review. Environ Manage, 40, pp.727–738.The Government of Sri Lanka., (2006). The Gazette Extraordinary of the Democratic Socialist Republic of SriLanka-: No. 1429/11, 2006 January 24th Tuesday. (Part I: Sec. I). Sri Lanka.Walrond, C., (2007). Oceanic fish - New Zealand’s oceanic species, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.[Online] (Updated 02 March 2009).Available at: [Accessed 22 November 2012].Weerakkody, P., (2012). Personal Records. [e-mail] (Personal communication, 12 November, 2012).413
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The National Red List 2012of Sri La
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
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FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
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Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
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AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
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AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
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Message of the Secretary, Ministry
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Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
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Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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Changes in water sources, such as d
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Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
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Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
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Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
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Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
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DistributionThe distribution of but
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Another threat of increasing import
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van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
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DistributionSpiders are found in al
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Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
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ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
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ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
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Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
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ConservationSurvival of highly dive
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Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
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fish species such as Chitala chital
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Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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of the original forest cover has no
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Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
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The crocodile populations are under
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Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
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Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
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espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
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AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
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Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
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Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
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Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
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Table 2. The geographic distributio
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TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
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ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
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Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
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Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
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Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
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Prominent plant families in dry for
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According to the plant records avai
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is very likely to devastate this ec
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Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
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DistributionHigh degree of endemism
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- Taxonomic research on closely rel
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Present Status of Montane Forests i
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Death of trees in the montane fores
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Conservation of our mountain forest
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(saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
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category (CR); three under Endanger
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and eutrophication (due to agricult
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IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
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- With the introduction of exotic a
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Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
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decades, aiming at increasing the u
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Currently, at a global level, new k
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Conservation prioritiesIn order to
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Table 15: Summary of the Status of
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
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PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
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Threats to angiosperms may range fr
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Further, evaluation of the conserva
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MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
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Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
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ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
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Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
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de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
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Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
Page 385 and 386: Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
Page 387 and 388: Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
Page 389 and 390: Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
Page 391 and 392: Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
Page 393 and 394: Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
Page 395 and 396: 1. Establishment of a national echi
Page 397 and 398: Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
Page 399 and 400: Provisional checklist of soft coral
Page 401 and 402: Extensive coral growth is limited t
Page 403 and 404: Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
Page 405 and 406: Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
Page 407 and 408: References For Corals Recorded For
Page 409 and 410: Subgenera have generally not been u
Page 411 and 412: Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
Page 413 and 414: Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
Page 415 and 416: Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
Page 417 and 418: Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
Page 419 and 420: Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
Page 421 and 422: DistributionMany Marine species inc
Page 423 and 424: Provisional Check List of the Marin
Page 425 and 426: Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
Page 427 and 428: Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
Page 429 and 430: Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
Page 431 and 432: Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
Page 433 and 434: References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
Page 435: Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
Page 439 and 440: Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
Page 441 and 442: Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
Page 443 and 444: Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
Page 445 and 446: 1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
Page 447 and 448: Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
Page 449 and 450: Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
Page 451 and 452: Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
Page 453 and 454: 1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
Page 455 and 456: Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
Page 457 and 458: Tropical agricultural research. 20:
Page 459 and 460: Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
Page 461 and 462: Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
Page 463 and 464: Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
Page 465 and 466: Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
Page 467 and 468: A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
Page 469 and 470: Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
Page 471 and 472: 9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
Page 473 and 474: Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
Page 475 and 476: Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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