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Provisional Checklist of Sea Urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Sri LankaSevvanadi JayakodyUniversity of WayabaIntroductionOne of the most important groups of phylum Echinodermata is commonly known as Seaurchins which belong to the class Echinoidea. They are exclusively marine and occupyhabitats from the intertidal zones to depths of more than 5000m and also from the equatorto southern and northern poles. All extant Sea urchins are divided into two major groups, theregular echinoides (globose test and pentameral symmetry commonly known as sea urchins)and irregular echinoides (heart urchins and sand dollars).The echinoderms of the Indian Ocean are known since ancient times. This is mainly due tovarious expeditions such as Challenger expedition (1873-1874), Deutchen Tiefsee expedition(1902-1903), Percy Sladen Trust expedition (1904), John Murray expedition (1933-1934),Swedish Deep Sea expedition (1947-1948) and the Danish Deep Sea expedition (1961-1965).But some of the literature available relates to the “Indian Ocean” or in connection with the Gulfof Mannar making it difficult to work out the exact Sri Lankan echinoderm diversity.The echinoderm fauna of island of Sri Lanka was first recorded by Bell (1887) and severalother studies conducted during the early part of the 20th century, notably by Herdman et al.,(1904), Clark (1915) and the monographs compiled by Mortensen (1928, 1935, 1940, 1943).Herdmen (1904) in his report to then Government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries, hasrecorded 109 echinoids including 30 species of Holothuroidea, 13 species of Crinoidea, 28species of Echinoidea, 24 species of Asteroiedea and 14 species of Ophiuroidea. Clark (1915)has also recorded 14 regular sea urchins.Since then little work has been done on sea urchins for several decades. In recent years,work done by Malik Fernando, Prassana Weerakkody, S. Jayakody and R.M.G.N. Thilakaratnehas resulted in addition of few new species to the list of sea urchins in Sri Lanka as well asre-establishing presence of some species listed in the checklist of Clark and Rowe (1971).Currently, 28 species of sea urchins are recognized from the coast of Sri Lanka. Identificationnow relies on Echinoid Directory, an online key adopted by British Natural History Museum, UKand a monograph by Clark and Rowe (1971).Out of the 28 recognised species in Sri Lanka, only a single species, Heterocentrotusmammillatus (Slate Pencil urchin) is listed as protected in the Flora and Fauna ProtectionOrdinance (2007). The species is commercially exploited and are exported for ornamentaltrade. The lack of population data and also scanty information available for regulatory bodiesto identify them has allowed the unregulated exploitation of sea urchins.As in the case of other marine species, a vast amount of work is pending with regard to SeaUrchins. Therefore, to encourage future research into echinoides the following recommendationsare made:370
1. Establishment of a national echinoide collection and relevant literature2. Studies to determine the role played by echinoides in the coastal ecosystems3. Training young researchers and institutions on species collection and identification4. Strengthening the capacity of relevant institutions working on marine research5. Development of a species identification guide to popularize the study of sea urchins aswell as for the use of regulatory bodies6. Development and implementation of detailed studies that would furnish informationnecessary to conduct conservation status assessment of the sea urchins in the futureReferencesAlvarado, J. J. & Cortes, J., (2009). “Echinoderms.” Monographiae Biologicae, 86, pp.421-433.Clark, H. C., (1915). The Echinoderms of Ceylon other than Holothurians. Spolia Zeylanica, X, pp.83-102.Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E., (1971). Monograph of shallow-water Indo-West Pacific echinoderms, i-vii. London:Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).Herdman, W. A., Herdman, J. B. & Bell, F. J., (1904). Report by the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oysterfisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. Supplementary Reports No X on the Echinodermes.Jayakody, S., Thilakaratne, R. M. G. N. & Amerasinghe, M. D., (in press). A study on diversity and population statusof sea urchins in relation to their habitat characteristics and anthropogenic disturbance. (RG/2006/MS/03)Mortensen, T., (1928). A monograph of the Echinoidea. Voloum I. Cidaroidea. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel,.Mortensen, T., (1935). A monograph of the Echinoidea. Volume ii, Bothriocidaroida, Melonechinoida, Lepidocentroidaand Stirodonta. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel.Mortensen, T., (1940). A monograph of the Echinoidea. Volume iii. 1, Aulodonta. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel,.Mortensen, T., (1943). A monograph of the Echinoidea iii2. Camarodonta 1. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel.Smith, A. B., (1984). Classification of the Echinodermata. Paleontollogy, 2(3), pp.431-439.Thilakaratne, R. M. G. N., Jayakody, S., (2008). A study on identification and distribution of sea urchins (Phylum:Echinodermata, Class; Echinoidea) in coastal zone of Sri Lanka. In: The Student Conference on ConservationScience (SCCS). 9 th Student conference on conservation science. University of Cambridge, UK, March 25 - 27,2008, UK: University of Cambridge, (Proceedings) pp.57.Thilakarathna, R.M.G.N., Jayakody, S. and Amarasinghe M.D. (2010) Fluctuations of sea urchins (Class: Echnoidea)in Hikkaduwa (protected but highly disturbed) and Ahangama (unprotected and less disturbed) in Sri Lanka withmacro algae cover. In: The Student Conference on Conservation Science (SCCS). 11 th Student conference onconservation science. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 14-16 September 2011, UK: University ofCambridge, (Proceedings).Bambaradeniya, C. N. B. ed., (2006). The fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation.Colombo: The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka.In addition following documents were also usedRecent records by Malik Fernando *, Prasanna Weerakkody** and Gayani Thilakaratne and SevvandiJayakody ***, MA Gayashan and Sevvandi Jayakody****NR = new record$ = exported ornamental speciesP = protectedSummarized from A.M. Clark & F.W.E. Rowe (1971) Monograph of shallow-waterIndo-west Pacific Echinoderms with recent additions to this list and observations.** Recent records by Malik Fernando * Recent records by Prasanna Weerakkody(Ophiuroidea) , ***Recent records by S. Jayakody & RMGN Thilakaratne. NR = new record;$ = exported ornamental species; P = protected371
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The National Red List 2012of Sri La
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
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FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
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Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
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AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
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AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
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Message of the Secretary, Ministry
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Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
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Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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Changes in water sources, such as d
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Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
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Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
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Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
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Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
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DistributionThe distribution of but
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Another threat of increasing import
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van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
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DistributionSpiders are found in al
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Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
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ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
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ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
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Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
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ConservationSurvival of highly dive
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Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
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fish species such as Chitala chital
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Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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of the original forest cover has no
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Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
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The crocodile populations are under
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Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
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Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
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espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
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AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
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Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
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Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
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Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
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Table 2. The geographic distributio
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TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
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ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
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Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
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Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
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Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
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Prominent plant families in dry for
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According to the plant records avai
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is very likely to devastate this ec
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Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
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DistributionHigh degree of endemism
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- Taxonomic research on closely rel
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Present Status of Montane Forests i
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Death of trees in the montane fores
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Conservation of our mountain forest
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(saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
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category (CR); three under Endanger
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and eutrophication (due to agricult
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IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
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- With the introduction of exotic a
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Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
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decades, aiming at increasing the u
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Currently, at a global level, new k
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Conservation prioritiesIn order to
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Table 15: Summary of the Status of
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Page 343 and 344: Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 365 and 366: Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
Page 367 and 368: PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
Page 369 and 370: Threats to angiosperms may range fr
Page 371 and 372: Further, evaluation of the conserva
Page 373 and 374: MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
Page 375 and 376: Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
Page 377 and 378: ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
Page 379 and 380: Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
Page 381 and 382: de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
Page 383 and 384: Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
Page 385 and 386: Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
Page 387 and 388: Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
Page 389 and 390: Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
Page 391 and 392: Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
Page 393: Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
Page 397 and 398: Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
Page 399 and 400: Provisional checklist of soft coral
Page 401 and 402: Extensive coral growth is limited t
Page 403 and 404: Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
Page 405 and 406: Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
Page 407 and 408: References For Corals Recorded For
Page 409 and 410: Subgenera have generally not been u
Page 411 and 412: Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
Page 413 and 414: Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
Page 415 and 416: Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
Page 417 and 418: Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
Page 419 and 420: Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
Page 421 and 422: DistributionMany Marine species inc
Page 423 and 424: Provisional Check List of the Marin
Page 425 and 426: Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
Page 427 and 428: Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
Page 429 and 430: Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
Page 431 and 432: Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
Page 433 and 434: References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
Page 435 and 436: Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
Page 437 and 438: ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
Page 439 and 440: Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
Page 441 and 442: Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
Page 443 and 444: Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
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1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
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Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
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Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
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Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
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1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
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Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
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Tropical agricultural research. 20:
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Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
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Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
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Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
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Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
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A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
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Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
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9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
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Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
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Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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